Progress and Prospective of Nitrogen-Based Alternative Fuels

Abstract

Alternative fuels are essential to enable the transition to a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy supply. Synthetic fuels derived from renewable energies can act as energy storage media, thus mitigating the effects of fossil fuels on environment and health. Their economic viability, environmental impact, and compatibility with current infrastructure and technologies are fuel and power source specific. Nitrogen-based fuels pose one possible synthetic fuel pathway. In this review, we discuss the progress and current research on utilization of nitrogen-based fuels in power applications, covering the complete fuel cycle. We cover the production, distribution, and storage of nitrogen-based fuels. We assess much of the existing literature on the reactions involved in the ammonia to nitrogen atom pathway in nitrogen-based fuel combustion. Furthermore, we discuss nitrogen-based fuel applications ranging from combustion engines to gas turbines, as well as their exploitation by suggested end-uses. Thereby, we evaluate the potential opportunities and challenges of expanding the role of nitrogen-based molecules in the energy sector, outlining their use as energy carriers in relevant fields.

Green ammonia as a spatial energy vector: a review

“…Valera-Medina et al 10 specically researched ammonia to power pathways, explaining the many technical considerations required in using ammonia as an energy source. Elishav et al 14 provide a comprehensive study of nitrogen based fuels across their life-cycle.…”

“…Other works, e.g. Elishav et al, 14 report the levelized cost of ammonia production, but they do not provide a rigorous comparison of the literature to understand the cause of variability in ammonia production costs. The purpose of this review is to consider the existing body of literature researching the cost of ammonia production and transport on a global scale, in order to assess the realistic cost of energy in an ammonia economy.…”

Photocatalytic Deoxygenation of N–O Bonds with Rhenium Complexes: From the Reduction of Nitrous Oxide to Pyridine N-Oxides

“…[4][5][6] Since breaking the highly stable N2 bond via the Haber-Bosch process consumes yearly 2% of the energy worldwide, leakage of nitrogen oxides in the environment represents as well a loss of energy. 7,8 In the search for a more sustainable economy, there is hence a need of new pathways able to perform efficient interconversion between oxidation states of nitrogen, and especially reduction of nitrogen oxides to less oxidized molecules. 9 Chemically speaking, this raises the issue of deoxygenating the N-O bond of both inorganic and organic N-oxides.…”

Análise Da Viabilidade Técnica Do Transporte De Amônia Em Oleodutos

“…Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, os caminhões carregam amônia numa pressão de 2,1MPa, comumente com até 27 toneladas de Amônia. [25] No Brasil, o transporte desse insumoé realizado apenas por esse meio, que se enquadra na categoria de transporte de carga perigosa eé altamente regulado e controlado pelo governo através de normas da agencia nacional de transportes terrestres (ANTT). Além de ser mais custoso, o transporte rodoviário coloca em risco a vida de muito mais pessoas, visto que acidentes nas estradas podem ocorrer.…”

“…Nesse tipo de transporte a Amôniaé pressurizada entre 1,5 -1,6MPa e armazenada em tanques. [25] 3-Via embarcações. O transporte geralmenteé feito em câmaras sob pressão atmosférica, mas com temperaturas entre 221 e 240 K. [25] 4-Via dutos.…”