Anti-cancer Effect of Xao Tam Phan Paramignya trimera Methanol Root Extract on Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7 in 3D Model

Abstract

The results from this study emphasize the promise of PTE in cancer therapy.

Phylogenetic relationship of Paramignya trimera and its relatives: an evidence for the wide sexual compatibility

“…For years, in term of taxonomy, most Paramignya species were listed in the genus Atalantia 30 . P. trimera used to have other synonyms such as Triphasia monophylla DC or A. recurva Benth 3 , 6 or possibly congeneric with Luvunga species 7 .…”

“…Until now, reports on the genus Paramignya have predominantly focused on the investigation and the characterization of the physicochemical and the biopharmaceutical properties of the extracts 4 , 20 – 23 . A broad range of the value secondary compounds such as coumarin, tirucallane, acridone alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, limonoid, sterols and derived glycosides was characterized as valuable resources for natural novel drug developments 4 , 20 – 30 . In recent years, the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory capacities of the leaf, stem, and root extracts of P. trimera were reported 24 – 27 .…”

“…An abundant source of the natural compounds such as phenols, saponins, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and antioxidant agents was found in P. trimera 20 , 28 , 29 . The in vitro anticancer activity of the extracts of P. trimera against human pancreas and breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 via apoptosis induction was also investigated 25 , 30 . Although the phytochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of P. trimera were characterized, the morphology and the phylogenetic relationship of P. trimera with relatives were clearly undescribed.…”

Devices and techniques used to obtain and analyze three‐dimensional cell cultures

“…g 3D bio-printing is the latest modality to be developed for the purpose of 3D cell culture where entire tissues can be generated by customizing the "bio-inks" used in the process of assembly assays and the handling may result in damage to the spheroids that potentially affects and data that may be acquired. 17,18 Low amounts of starting cell numbers and medium are the advantages of this technique enabling one to control the size of the spheroid seed cultures, as evidenced by the work of Bai et al, wherein the size of the spheroids was optimized by varying cell suspension concentrations. The cultivated spheroids can then be seeded into a biomaterial free collagen net-mold patch for the purpose of cardiac tissue engineering.…”

“…Despite the low complexity and reproducibility of the hanging drop technique, any high‐throughput analysis within the culture itself is not possible. The spheroids have to be extracted even for the simplest of biochemical assays and the handling may result in damage to the spheroids that potentially affects and data that may be acquired 17,18 …”