Neck osteoarthritis in Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842; Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Pleistocene of Brazil

Eremotherium (Xenarthra, Mammalia) materials from the collections of Laboratório de Paleontologia e Evolução and Laboratório de Geologia of Universidade Federal de Goiás

“…The set of characteristics of the material suggests that it belongs to the genus Eremotherium, and its comparison with descriptions of other similar materials corroborates this inference (Tito, 2008;Barbosa et. al, 2014).…”

A preliminary review of bone and teeth abnormalities seen in recent Loxodonta and extinct Mammuthus and Mammut, and suggested implications

“…13). Barbosa et al (2014) recorded osteoarthritic lesions (osteophytes) on the second cervical vertebra of a large South American ground sloth (Eremotherium laurillardi Lund 1843), similar in morphology to what is seen on the Loxodonta vertebra. …”

Paleopathologies of the Clavicles of the Giant Ground Sloth Megatherium americanum (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Pleistocene of the Pampean Region (Argentina)

“…Recently, Xenarthra's diseases started to be a key aspect to describe the ecological features of this Magnorder (e.g., Luna & Barbosa, 2014;Barbosa et al, 2014aBarbosa et al, , 2014bBarbosa et al, , 2017Barbosa et al, , 2019Acuña Suárez et al, 2019;Andrade et al, 2019;among others). Therefore, paleopathological analyses are a relatively new and alternative approach for disentangling paleoecological issues of this enigmatic species.…”

“…According to Owen (1861) and the observations of extant and some extinct sloths, M. americanum sc joint was connected to the sternum through a ligament rather than a cartilage disk. If that is the case, arthritis should be dismissed as this disease develops in articular cartilage (Rothschild & Martin, 2006;Ortner, 2012;Barbosa et al 2014a;Gancarczyk & Ahmad, 2014;Oláh & Madry, 2018). Furthermore, trauma does not precisely fit with these pathological signs.…”