Carbohydrate intake during early pregnancy is inversely associated with abnormal glucose challenge test results in Japanese pregnant women

Abstract

These findings suggest that high carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with moderately abnormal glucose tolerance in a population with a high prevalence of underweight individuals.

Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain: A Systematic Review

“…References are included for each study in Table 1 with trial/cohort names or locations when names were unavailable. Six studies were conducted in the U.S. 6,7,9,[11][12][13]16,25 In addition, three studies were conducted in Spain, 1,2,23,26 two each in the U.K., 22,24 Norway, 5,21 and Japan 3,4 ; and one each in Mexico, 18 Italy, 19 Poland, 17 Iceland, 14 Finland, 10 the Netherlands, 8 China, 15 and Malaysia. 20…”

“…2,[6][7][8][9][11][12][13]21,[23][24][25][26] Nine studies did not report race/ethnicity. 1,3,5,10,14,15,[17][18][19] Yong et al 20 reported that 89 percent of the participants were Malay and Tajima et al 4 noted that 100 percent of their participants were Japanese. Zhu et al 16 reported that the participants were predominantly Hispanic (approximately 41.3 percent) and Al Wattar et al 22 noted that the participants were predominantly Asian (approximately 43.7 percent).…”

“… Four studies did not report maternal education. 4,5,22,24 (Note: Fulay et al, 12 who used Project Viva data, reported that approximately 32 percent of their participants had a college education, whereas Rifas-Shiman et al 6 and Sen et al, 9 who also used Project Viva data with a similar sample size as Fulay et al, reported that approximately 69 percent had college degrees).…”

Metformin reduces maternal weight gain in obese pregnant women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of two randomized controlled trials

“…It seems that maternal obesity is also responsible for adverse effects on the long‐term health of offspring, including the risk of overweight, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes . Hyperglycaemia and increased insulin resistance are significantly involved in the onset of pregnancy complications in obese women, and the risk of impaired glucose tolerance may differ among pregnancy periods because the degree of insulin resistance changes throughout pregnancy . Metformin is an effective oral antihyperglycaemic agent widely used for therapeutic management of nonpregnant women with diabetes mellitus type 2.…”

“…[8][9][10] Hyperglycaemia and increased insulin resistance are significantly involved in the onset of pregnancy complications in obese women, 11 and the risk of impaired glucose tolerance may differ among pregnancy periods because the degree of insulin resistance changes throughout pregnancy. 12 Metformin is an effective oral antihyperglycaemic agent widely used for therapeutic management of nonpregnant women with diabetes mellitus type 2. It acts by reducing hepatic glucose production, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and increasing insulin-mediated skeletal muscle and adipocyte glucose uptake.…”