Prediction of RF-EMF exposure levels in large outdoor areas through car-mounted measurements on the enveloping roads

Aerts, Sam; Joseph, Wout; Maslanyj, Myron; Addison, Darren; Mee, Terry; Colussi, Loek; Kamer, Jos; Bolte, John

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.006

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Data are insufficient to actually evaluate the levels of exposure from various EMF sources and to grasp the transition of wireless technologies in an individual's various activities in daily life. Research on exposure level monitoring has already been conducted mainly in Europe and other countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In some countries, the exposure levels from mobile phone base stations and broadcasting transmission towers have been monitored and disclosed [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Joseph et al also evaluated exposure levels for Long-Term Evolution (LTE), which is the fourth-generation mobile communication system (4G) [9]. Since a large area cannot be covered by fixed measurements, car mounted measurement methods were studied [10,11]. The disadvantage of this method is that the accuracy is less than that of a fixed measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Onishi

Ikuyo

Tobita

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recent progress in wireless technologies has made human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) increasingly complex. The situation can increase public concerns related to possible health effects due to EMF exposure. Monitoring EMF exposure levels and characterizing them are indispensable for risk communications of human exposure to EMFs. From this background, a project on the acquisition, accumulation, and applications of EMF exposure monitoring data in Japan was started in 2019. One of the objectives of this project is to obtain a comprehensive picture of EMF exposure in actual daily lives. In 2019 and 2020, we measured the electric field (E-field) strength from mainly mobile phone base stations in the same areas as those in measurements conducted in 2006 and 2007 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan, and compared the data to investigate the time-course of the EMF environment. The number of measured points was 100 (10 × 10 grids) in an area of 1 km × 1 km in two urban and two suburban areas, and that in an underground shopping mall was 158. This large-scale study is the first in Japan. As a result, we found that the measured E-field strengths tended to be higher in 2019 and 2020 than those in 2006 and 2007, especially in the mall. However, the median ratios to the Japanese radio wave protection guideline values for urban areas and malls are lower than −40 dB.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Onishi

Ikuyo

Tobita

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When correctly calibrated, the mobile measurement data set can be used to assess the outdoor RF-EMF exposure in the entire city centre of Antwerp (Figure 3b) by applying spatial interpolation techniques such as kriging [10,18,22] or models based on artificial neural networks [23]. Moreover, spatiotemporal assessment can be obtained by scaling the samples taken at any time instance to any other time instance via the temporal profiles obtained through the fixed sensor network [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons Learned from a Distributed RF-EMF Sensor Network

Aerts

Vermeeren

Bossche

et al. 2022

Sensors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In an increasingly wireless world, spatiotemporal monitoring of the exposure to environmental radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) is crucial to appease public uncertainty and anxiety about RF-EMF. However, although the advent of smart city infrastructures allows for dense networks of distributed sensors, the costs of accurate RF sensors remain high, and dedicated RF monitoring networks remain rare. This paper describes a comprehensive study comprising the design of a low-cost RF-EMF sensor node capable of monitoring four frequency bands used by wireless telecommunications with an unparalleled temporal resolution, its application in a small-scale distributed sensor network consisting of both fixed (on building façades) and mobile sensor nodes (on postal vans), and the subsequent analysis of over a year of data between January 2019 and May 2020, during which slightly less than 10 million samples were collected. From the fixed nodes’ results, the potential errors were determined that are induced when sampling at lower speeds (e.g., one sample per 15 min) and measuring for shorter periods of time (e.g., a few weeks), as well as an adequate resolution (30 min) for diurnal and weekly temporal profiles which sufficiently preserves short-term variations. Furthermore, based on the correlation between the sensors, an adequate density of 100 sensor nodes per km2 was deduced for future networks. Finally, the mobile sensor nodes were used to identify potential RF-EMF exposure hotspots in a previously unattainable area of more than 60 km2. In summary, through the analysis of a small number of RF-EMF sensor nodes (both fixed and mobile) in an urban area, this study offers invaluable insights applicable to future designs and deployments of distributed RF-EMF sensor networks.

show abstract

“…For the same purpose, several studies have been carried out to measure the electromagnetic radiation levels of base stations in different city centres such as Erciyes [26], Nablus [27], Ordu [28], Black Sea Region [6], and Serbia [29]. Carmounted measurements are performed to measure the radiation exposure over large geographical areas [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Prediction of Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Level in a University Campus

Karpat

Bakcan

2022

Teh. vjesn.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The importance of electromagnetic (EM) sources in human life has been increasing with the development of technology. EM radiation triggers some problems in our life such as EM interference and human health problems. EM radiation level which is emitted by the base station increases in proportion to the density of population in a region. EM exposure is higher in areas where people are highly concentrated such as hospitals, military barracks, schools, shopping malls, than in any other region. It is important to show sustained concern about the EM radiation intensity in these areas to keep the levels under the permissible limits. In this study, electric field values are measured statically at locations where the population density is too high, to examine the electric field intensity levels throughout the campus. Besides, two different artificial neural models (ANN) are developed to estimate the electric field values of random locations which are specific regions for electromagnetic exposure. Moreover, measurement results and estimated results are evaluated within the limits defined by national (ICTA) and international (ICNIRP) standards. Finally, the EM exposure map is constructed with data that is average electric field intensity versus measurement locations.

show abstract

Prediction of RF-EMF exposure levels in large outdoor areas through car-mounted measurements on the enveloping roads

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations in Outdoor Environments and an Underground Shopping Mall in Japan

Lessons Learned from a Distributed RF-EMF Sensor Network

Measurement and Prediction of Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Level in a University Campus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About