Emergence and dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx influenza viruses — how is the Asian HPAI H5 lineage maintained

Claes, Filip; Morzaria, S.P.; Donis, Ruben O.

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.02.005

Cited by 90 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An interesting hypothesis to explain this pattern would be a greater fitness of H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses to spread through intensive chicken production and poultry trade systems (Claes et al, 2016). We still lack extensive published experimental infection results of the new clade in poultry, but preliminary results are indicative of a lower pathogenicity of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 virus in chickens compared to H5N1 HPAI, with longer survival and shedding period (Kim et al, 2014; Swayne et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation

Dhingra

Artois

Robinson

et al. 2016

eLife

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Global disease suitability models are essential tools to inform surveillance systems and enable early detection. We present the first global suitability model of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and demonstrate that reliable predictions can be obtained at global scale. Best predictions are obtained using spatial predictor variables describing host distributions, rather than land use or eco-climatic spatial predictor variables, with a strong association with domestic duck and extensively raised chicken densities. Our results also support a more systematic use of spatial cross-validation in large-scale disease suitability modelling compared to standard random cross-validation that can lead to unreliable measure of extrapolation accuracy. A global suitability model of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, a group of viruses that recently spread extensively in Asia and the US, shows in comparison a lower spatial extrapolation capacity than the HPAI H5N1 models, with a stronger association with intensively raised chicken densities and anthropogenic factors.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19571.001

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation

Dhingra

Artois

Robinson

et al. 2016

eLife

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“…Although the H5 HA genes of these viruses are closely related, the subtypes of their neuraminidase (NA) genes vary widely. These new H5 HPAIVs with NA genes of various subtypes, the so-called H5Nx viruses, have spread globally, most likely because of their host preference for waterfowl, similar to the previous H5N1 HPAIVs ( 2 – 4 ). During the winter season 2014–15, H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from wild birds and chickens in western Japan ( 5 – 7 ).…”

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confidence: 93%

Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N6), Japan, November 2016

Okamatsu¹,

Ozawa²,

Soda³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…1a), which emerged in China during 2010–2011, and unlike earlier clades is known for a novel propensity to reassort with NA subtypes other than N1 [10]. The clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 has been the prevalent lineage in Guangdong, Southern China since 2013 and spread to northeast China in 2014 [11].…”

Section: Short Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Two novel reassortant avian influenza a (H5N6) viruses in whooper swans in Korea, 2016

Jeong¹,

Woo²,

Ip³

et al. 2017

Virol J

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BackgroundOn November 20, 2016 two novel strains of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIVs) were isolated from three whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) at Gangjin Bay in South Jeolla province, South Korea. Identification of HPAIVs in wild birds is significant as there is a potential risk of transmission of these viruses to poultry and humans.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis revealed that Gangjin H5N6 viruses classified into Asian H5 clade 2.3.4.4 lineage and were distinguishable from H5N8 and H5N1 HPAIVs previously isolated in Korea. With the exception of the polymerase acidic (PA) gene, the viruses were most closely related to A/duck/Guangdong/01.01SZSGXJK005-Y/2016 (H5N6) (98.90 ~ 99.74%). The PA genes of the two novel Gangjin H5N6 viruses were most closely related to AIV isolates previously characterized from Korea, A/hooded crane/Korea/1176/2016 (H1N1) (99.16%) and A/environment/Korea/W133/2006 (H7N7) (98.65%). The lack of more recent viruses to A/environment/Korea/W133/2006 (H7N7) indicates the need for analysis of recent wild bird AIVs isolated in Korea because they might provide further clues as to the origin of these novel reassortant H5N6 viruses.ConclusionsAlthough research on the origins and epidemiology of these infections is ongoing, the most likely route of infection for the whooper swans was through direct or indirect contact with reassortant viruses shed by migratory wild birds in Korea. As H5N6 HPAIVs can potentially be transmitted to poultry and humans, continuous monitoring of AIVs among wild birds will help to mitigate this risk.

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Emergence and dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx influenza viruses — how is the Asian HPAI H5 lineage maintained

Cited by 90 publications

References 34 publications

Global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation

Global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation

Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N6), Japan, November 2016

Identification of Two novel reassortant avian influenza a (H5N6) viruses in whooper swans in Korea, 2016

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