Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N6), Japan, November 2016

Okamatsu, Masatoshi; Ozawa, Makoto; Soda, Kosuke; Takakuwa, Hiroki; Haga, Akihiro; Hiono, Takahiro; Matsuu, Aya; Uchida, Yuko; Iwata, Ritsuko; Matsuno, Keita; Kuwahara, Masakazu; Yabuta, Toshiyo; Usui, Tatsufumi; Ito, Hiroshi; Onuma, Manabu; Sakoda, Yoshihiro; Saito, Takehiko; Otsuki, Koichi; Ito, Toshihiro; Kida, Hiroshi

doi:10.3201/eid2304.161957

Cited by 55 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…). The HA genes of all 66 isolates were found to be phylogenetically closely related to the initial Japanese isolate, A/black swan/Akita/1/2017 (H5N6) . The HA gene of a poultry isolate, A/chicken/Hokkaido/002/2016 (H5N6) (GISAID accession number: EPI962342‐49), was also found to be closely related to those of the viruses isolated in the present study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As reported by Okamatsu et al . , the HI titer for A/black swan/Akita/1/2016 (H5N6) was eight times lower with antiserum to A/chicken/Kumamoto/1‐7/2014 (H5N8) than with the homologous titer. By contrast, the HI titer for A/chicken/Kumamoto/1‐7/2014 (H5N8) was four times lower with antiserum to A/black swan/Akita/1/2016 (H5N6) than with the homologous titer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the winter season of 2016–2017, H5Nx viruses again spread throughout three continents: Eurasia, North America and Africa . H5N8 viruses belonging to Clade 2.3.4.4 Group B were reportedly isolated in Europe, Iran, and Egypt , whereas H5N6 viruses belonging Clade 2.3.4.4 Group C were isolated in East Asia . Detailed analyses of the isolates are still ongoing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On 15 November 2016, a black swan that had died in a zoo in Akita prefecture, northern Japan, was strongly suspected to have highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI); an HPAI virus (HPAIV) belonging to the H5N6 subtype was isolated from specimens taken from the bird. The HA gene of the virus was classified into Group C of clade 2.3.4.4 and it was closely related to those in viruses isolated in China . After the initial report, 178 cases in wild birds, 40 in captive birds, including the initial case, and 12 outbreaks in domestic poultry farms of infections with H5N6 HPAIVs were reported throughout Japan by 24 March 2017, the final incident being documented at a poultry farm in Chiba prefecture (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan

Hiono¹,

Okamatsu²,

Matsuno³

et al. 2017

Microbiology and Immunology

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On 15 November 2016, a black swan that had died in a zoo in Akita prefecture, northern Japan, was strongly suspected to have highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI); an HPAI virus (HPAIV) belonging to the H5N6 subtype was isolated from specimens taken from the bird. After the initial report, 230 cases of HPAI caused by H5N6 viruses from wild birds, captive birds, and domestic poultry farms were reported throughout the country during the winter season. In the present study, 66 H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from northern Japan were further characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene showed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in northern Japan clustered into Group C of Clade 2.3.4.4 together with other isolates collected in Japan, Korea and Taiwan during the winter season of 2016-2017. The antigenicity of the Japanese H5N6 isolate differed slightly from that of HPAIVs isolated previously in Japan and China. The virus exhibited high pathogenicity and a high replication capacity in chickens, whereas virus growth was slightly lower in ducks compared with that of an H5N8 HPAIV isolate collected in Japan in 2014. Comprehensive analyses of Japanese isolates, including those from central, western, and southern Japan, as well as rapid publication of this information are essential for facilitating greater control of HPAIVs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan

Hiono¹,

Okamatsu²,

Matsuno³

et al. 2017

Microbiology and Immunology

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“…Lately, viruses of clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4 have been prevailing in poultry of East and Southeast Asia and caused outbreaks worldwide. In Japan, sporadic outbreaks caused by clade 2.3.4.4 have occurred in poultry farms during the winter seasons 2016–2017 and 2014–2015, probably caused by migratory birds (Okamatsu et al., ; Saito et al., ). To predict outbreaks in poultry, a comprehensive monitoring of AIV targeting wild birds is conducted in cooperation with various organizations in Japan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses from raw poultry products illegally imported to Japan by international flight passengers

Shibata

Hiono

Fukuhara

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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The transportation of poultry and related products for international trade contributes to transboundary pathogen spread and disease outbreaks worldwide. To prevent pathogen incursion through poultry products, many countries have regulations about animal health and poultry product quarantine. However, in Japan, animal products have been illegally introduced into the country in baggage and confiscated at the airport. Lately, the number of illegally imported poultry and the incursion risk of transboundary pathogens through poultry products have been increasing. In this study, we isolated avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from raw poultry products illegally imported to Japan by international passengers. Highly (H5N1 and H5N6) and low (H9N2 and H1N2) pathogenic AIVs were isolated from raw chicken and duck products carried by flight passengers. H5 and H9 isolates were phylogenetically closely related to viruses isolated from poultry in China, and haemagglutinin genes of H5N1 and H5N6 isolates belonged to clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4, respectively. Experimental infections of H5 and H9 isolates in chickens and ducks demonstrated pathogenicity and tissue tropism to skeletal muscles. To prevent virus incursion by poultry products, it is important to encourage the phased cleaning based on the disease control and eradication and promote the reduction in contamination risk in animal products.

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Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses

Yamaji

Saad

Davis

et al. 2020

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 onwards, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of subtypes A(H5N2), A(H5N6), and A(H5N8) emerged to cause panzootic waves of unprecedented magnitude among avian species accompanied by severe losses to the poultry industry around the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses have expanded in distinct geographical and evolutionary pathways likely via long distance migratory bird dispersal onto several continents and by poultry trade among neighboring countries. Coupled with regional circulation, the viruses have evolved further by reassorting with local viruses. As of February 2019, there have been 23 cases of humans infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, 16 (70%) of which had fatal outcomes. To date, no HPAI A(H5) virus has caused sustainable human‐to‐human transmission. However, due to the lack of population immunity in humans and ongoing evolution of the virus, there is a continuing risk that clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses could cause an influenza pandemic if the ability to transmit efficiently among humans was gained. Therefore, multisectoral collaborations among the animal, environmental, and public health sectors are essential to conduct risk assessments and develop countermeasures to prevent disease and to control spread. In this article, we describe an assessment of the likelihood of clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses gaining human‐to‐human transmissibility and impact on human health should such human‐to‐human transmission occur. This structured analysis assessed properties of the virus, attributes of the human population, and ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in animal hosts.

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Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N6), Japan, November 2016

Cited by 55 publications

References 14 publications

Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan

Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan

Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses from raw poultry products illegally imported to Japan by international flight passengers

Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses

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