Estimating Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Their Ratio in the American Diet: Data from the 2011–2012 NHANES

Bailey, Regan L; Parker, Elizabeth; Rhodes, Donna; Goldman, Joseph D.; Clemens, John; Moshfegh, Alanna; Thuppal, Sowmyanarayanan; Weaver, Connie M.

doi:10.3945/jn.115.221184

Cited by 80 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Sodium and potassium, minerals critical for human metabolism, must also be in appropriate proportions in order to maintain the water-electrolyte balance in the body [39]. A prominent problem in the modern world is the excessive intake of sodium, for example, due to the consumption of highly processed food.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximate Composition, Minerals and Antioxidant Activity of Artichoke Leaf Extracts

Biel

Witkowicz

Piątkowska

et al. 2019

Biol Trace Elem Res

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In this study, leaf extracts from the Green Globe cultivar of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), a herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, were analyzed to determine the levels of basic nutrients, selected macroelements (K, P, Ca, Mg, and Na) and microelements (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ni), and their ratios. The antioxidant activity (aa) of the extract was evaluated using ABTS˙+ and DPPH˙+ radicals and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (III) (FRAP). Total polyphenolic content was also determined. Macroelement concentrations in the artichoke leaf extract can be presented in descending order as follows: K > P > Ca > Mg > Na. Microelement content in the extract was as follows: Zn > Fe > Cr > Mn. We determined the ratios of elements in artichoke leaf extracts and compared them against the recommended dietary allowance, adequate intake, or tolerable upper intake level. Mean total phenolic content in artichoke leaf extracts was high-2795 mg CAE/100 g dry matter (DM). The ABTS˙+ assay showed a very high ability of artichoke extract to scavenge free radicals (79.74%), and the antioxidant capacity measured at 1060.8 Trolox/1 g DM. The results show that artichoke extract is a valuable source of minerals and antioxidants that could have applications in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases caused by oxidative damage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximate Composition, Minerals and Antioxidant Activity of Artichoke Leaf Extracts

Biel

Witkowicz

Piątkowska

et al. 2019

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…Nutritionally, the dietary potassium to sodium ratio (K + /Na + ) has been shown to be more strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD‐related mortality than either sodium or potassium intake alone (Bailey and others ). WHO (World Health Organization) recommends a reduction in sodium intake to reduce blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and coronary heart disease in adults ( strong recommendation ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Approach of Using Nutraceutic‐Directed Caloric Antioxidant Density and Ion‐Ratio for Evaluating Fruit's Health Quality

Hsieh

Huang

Chen

et al. 2016

Journal of Food Science

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Seven kinds of indigenous fruits and five imported fruits were compared for their "health quality." Methods including the calorific, antioxidant, and ion ratios were carried out. Results indicated the order of content (in mg/100g) was: Ca(2+) , Murcott orange (218.2) > Kiwifruit (200.0) > pineapple (138.5) > Golden kiwi (117.6); Mg(2+) , Pitaya (192.2), banana (88.0), Kiwifruit (63.4), and Golden kiwi (58.4); Zn(2+) , Pitaya (19.53) > pear (10.8) > Kiwifruit (6.09) > Irwin mango (4.58). Cu(2+) , Kiwifruit (0.70) > Red globe grape (0.67) > Golden kiwi (0.65) > Irwin mango (0.42) ≈ Pitaya (0.40). In terms of ion ratio, Pitaya showed Zn(2+) /Cu(2+) (48.8), Mg(2+) /Ca(2+) (6.7) and uniquely possessed selenium 0.002 mg/100 g; for pear, Zn(2+) /Cu(2+) = 37.2, while Kyoho grape, Red globe grape, and Golden kiwi revealed extremely high Fe(2+) /(Co(2+) +Ni(2+) ) ratios. On the other hands, Irwin mango and Pitaya astonishingly contained huge amount of inositol, reaching 3523.2 mg/100 g and 1998.7 mg/100 g, respectively. To evaluate the "health quality" of fruits, an overall ranking method by combining (a) the Function-directed Caloric Antioxidant Density (CAD) and (b) the ion ratio was developed. The finalized ranking of these selected fruits was: Pitaya > cherry > Irwin mango > Murcott orange = pineapple > banana > Golden kiwi > pear > Kiwifruit > Red globe grape > apple > Kyoho grape. Conclusively, this evaluation method is novel, contemporary and scientific, which could more clearly assess the "health quality" of fruits in view of nutritional, calorific, and antioxidant balance.

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“…Sodium and potassium intake is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality, and the ratio between them has proven an even better predictor of risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases; the ratio is considered more important than the single estimates of these two nutrients 1,2,3 . The single estimates allow assessing excessive salt intake and inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are high in potassium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatores associados à relação sódio/potássio urinária em participantes do ELSA-Brasil

et al. 2019

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Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados à estimativa de alta relação de consumo de sódio/potássio. Foram avaliados 15.105 participantes, de 35 a 74 anos, de uma coorte de servidores públicos (ELSA-Brasil). Dados socioeconômicos foram coletados por meio de questionário e realizada coleta urinária de 12 horas noturnas para estimar o consumo de sódio e potássio. A relação sódio/potássio foi calculada em mmol/L e dividida em tercis: 1º tercil corresponde à “baixa” relação; 2º à “intermediária” e 3º tercil à “alta” relação sódio/potássio. Foram comparadas as proporções e médias segundo as classificações do tercil da relação sódio/potássio, utilizando-se os testes de qui-quadrado e análise de variância (ANOVA). Foram testados modelos brutos e ajustados de regressão logística multinomial, tendo como referência o 1º tercil. Os fatores associados à alta relação sódio/potássio foram: sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,60-1,98); indivíduos de 35 a 44 anos (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,33-2,19); Ensino Fundamental incompleto (OR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,78-3,18) e menor renda (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,26-1,73). Verificou-se que os homens, indivíduos mais jovens e de menor escolaridade e renda apresentaram médias mais elevadas da relação sódio/potássio.

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Estimating Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Their Ratio in the American Diet: Data from the 2011–2012 NHANES

Abstract: Only about one-tenth of US adults have a Na:K consistent with the WHO guidelines for reduced risk of mortality. Continued efforts to reduce sodium intake in tandem with novel strategies to increase potassium intake are warranted.

Cited by 80 publications

References 29 publications

Proximate Composition, Minerals and Antioxidant Activity of Artichoke Leaf Extracts

Proximate Composition, Minerals and Antioxidant Activity of Artichoke Leaf Extracts

Novel Approach of Using Nutraceutic‐Directed Caloric Antioxidant Density and Ion‐Ratio for Evaluating Fruit's Health Quality

Fatores associados à relação sódio/potássio urinária em participantes do ELSA-Brasil

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