UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age

Sudlow, Cathie; Gallacher, John; Allen, Naomi E.; Beral, Valerie; Burton, Paul R.; Danesh, John; Downey, Paul; Elliott, Paul; Green, Jane; Landray, Martin J; Liu, Bette; Matthews, Paul M.; Ong, Giok; Pell, Jill P.; Silman, Alan J.; Young, A. P.; Sprosen, Tim; Peakman, Tim; Collins, Rory

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779

Cited by 7,389 publications

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“…The UK Biobank general population cohort presents an opportunity to overcome these limitations. UK Biobank recruited more than half a million adults in middle and early old‐age, with baseline assessment of medical history, cognitive function, sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors, as well as linkage to hospital records 21. It is therefore possible to compare cognitive impairment prevalence directly across conditions, using the same measures and impairment thresholds, taking account of confounders that have been measured in a standardised way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘cognitive footprint’ of psychiatric and neurological conditions: cross‐sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort

Cullen

Smith

Deary

et al. 2017

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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ObjectiveWe aimed to quantify the prevalence of cognitive impairment in adults with a history of mood disorder, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease, within a large general population cohort.MethodCross‐sectional study using UK Biobank data (n = 502 642). Psychiatric and neurological exposure status was ascertained via self‐reported diagnoses, hospital records and questionnaires. Impairment on reasoning, reaction time and memory tests was defined with reference to a single unexposed comparison group. Results were standardised for age and gender. Sensitivity analyses examined the influence of comorbidity, education, information sources and missing data.ResultsRelative to the unexposed group, cognitive impairment was least common in major depression (standardised prevalence ratios across tests = 1.00 [95% CI 0.98, 1.02] to 1.49 [95% CI 1.24, 1.79]) and most common in schizophrenia (1.89 [95% CI 1.47, 2.42] to 3.92 [95% CI 2.34, 6.57]). Prevalence in mania/bipolar was similar to that in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Estimated population attributable prevalence of cognitive impairment was higher for major depression (256 per 100 000 [95% CI 130, 381]) than for all other disorders.ConclusionAlthough the relative prevalence of cognitive impairment was lowest in major depression, the population attributable prevalence was highest overall for this group.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘cognitive footprint’ of psychiatric and neurological conditions: cross‐sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort

Cullen

Smith

Deary

et al. 2017

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…Between 2006 and 2010, 502 639 individuals aged 49 to 69 years were enrolled in the UK Biobank, a longitudinal, population‐based cohort study that recruited volunteers across 21 centers in England, Wales, and Scotland. The study has been described in detail previously6 and online (http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk). Briefly, participants were carefully investigated, using a series of questionnaires, physiological measures, imaging, blood and urine biomarkers, and genotype data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioimpedance and New‐Onset Heart Failure: A Longitudinal Study of >500 000 Individuals From the General Population

Lindholm

Fukaya

Leeper

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundHeart failure constitutes a high burden on patients and society, but although lifetime risk is high, it is difficult to predict without costly or invasive testing. We aimed to establish new risk factors of heart failure, which potentially could enable early diagnosis and preemptive treatment.Methods and ResultsWe applied machine learning in the UK Biobank in an agnostic search of risk factors for heart failure in 500 451 individuals, excluding individuals with prior heart failure. Novel factors were then subjected to several in‐depth analyses, including multivariable Cox models of incident heart failure, and assessment of discrimination and calibration. Machine learning confirmed many known and putative risk factors for heart failure and identified several novel candidates. Mean reticulocyte volume appeared as one novel factor and leg bioimpedance another, the latter appearing as the most important new marker. Leg bioimpedance was lower in those who developed heart failure during an up to 9.8‐year follow‐up. When adjusting for known heart failure risk factors, leg bioimpedance was inversely related to heart failure (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.60 [0.48–0.73] and 0.75 [0.59–0.94], in age‐ and sex‐adjusted and fully adjusted models, respectively, comparing the upper versus lower quartile). A model including leg bioimpedance, age, sex, and self‐reported history of myocardial infarction showed good discrimination for future heart failure hospitalization (Concordance index [C‐index]=0.82) and good calibration.ConclusionsLeg bioimpedance is inversely associated with heart failure incidence in the general population. A simple model of exclusively noninvasive measures, combining leg bioimpedance with history of myocardial infarction, age, and sex provides accurate predictive capacity.

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“…ukbiobank.ac.uk). 44 A total of 502 655 community-dwelling individuals aged between 37 and 73 years were recruited in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010. Baseline assessment included cognitive testing, personality self-report, and physical and mental health measures.…”

Section: Materials and Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic contributions to Trail Making Test performance in UK Biobank

et al. 2017

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The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a widely used test of executive function and has been thought to be strongly associated with general cognitive function. We examined the genetic architecture of the TMT and its shared genetic aetiology with other tests of cognitive function in 23 821 participants from UK Biobank. The single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability estimates for trail-making measures were 7.9% (part A), 22.4% (part B) and 17.6% (part B − part A). Significant genetic correlations were identified between trail-making measures and verbal-numerical reasoning (r g 40.6), general cognitive function (r g 40.6), processing speed (r g 40.7) and memory (r g 40.3). Polygenic profile analysis indicated considerable shared genetic aetiology between trail making, general cognitive function, processing speed and memory (standardized β between 0.03 and 0.08). These results suggest that trail making is both phenotypically and genetically strongly associated with general cognitive function and processing speed.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 19 September 2017; doi:10.1038/mp.2017.189 INTRODUCTIONThe Trail Making Test (TMT) is widely used in both research and clinical settings as a test of some aspects of executive function. [1][2][3] The TMT is usually given as two parts, from which three measures are derived. In TMT Part A (TMT A), participants are required to connect an array of numbers in ascending order, by drawing a continuous line (trail) between them as quickly and accurately as possible. TMT Part B (TMT B) requires participants to connect an array of both numbers and letters in alternating ascending order (1, A, 2, B, 3, C and so on) with the same emphasis on speed and accuracy (Supplementary Figure 1). Subtracting TMT A completion time from that of TMT B (TMT B − A) is thought to allow the relative contributions of visual search and psychomotor speed to be parsed from the more complex executive functions (such as cognitive flexibility) required to alternate between numbers and letters. [4][5][6][7][8] TMT performance has been ascribed to a number of cognitive processes, 'including attention, visual search and scanning, sequencing and shifting, psychomotor speed, abstraction, flexibility, ability to execute and modify a plan of action, and ability to maintain two trains of thought simultaneously '. 9 It is considered a useful tool in research and clinical practice due to the sensitivity of the task (particularly TMT B and B − A) to frontal lobe damage (in some, but not other studies 10 ) and dementia. [11][12][13] There are declines in both TMT A and B performance in ageing. 10,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] There is also evidence for performance deficits on TMT B in mood disorders 21 and in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives 18,[22][23][24][25][26][27] Family-based and twin-based studies have provided evidence for a genetic contribution to individual differences in trail making, estimating the heritability for trail making part A between 0.23 and 0.38, and between 0.39 and 0.65...

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UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age

Abstract: Cathie Sudlow and colleagues describe the UK Biobank, a large population-based prospective study, established to allow investigation of the genetic and non-genetic determinants of the diseases of middle and old age.

Cited by 7,389 publications

References 16 publications

The ‘cognitive footprint’ of psychiatric and neurological conditions: cross‐sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort

The ‘cognitive footprint’ of psychiatric and neurological conditions: cross‐sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort

Bioimpedance and New‐Onset Heart Failure: A Longitudinal Study of >500 000 Individuals From the General Population

Genetic contributions to Trail Making Test performance in UK Biobank

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