“…Bacteria including G + bacteria ( S. aureus ATCC 6538 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372) and G − bacteria ( V. anguillarum and E. coli ATCC 8099) were selected to test the binding ability of recombinant Toll1–3 (rToll1–3). The binding assay to bacteria was performed according to a previous method ( 39 ). After culturing overnight at 37°C, the bacteria were collected, and washed with TBS (100 mM Tris–HCl, 15 mM NaCl, pH 7.5).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…ELISA was used to test the binding activity of rToll1–3 to several bacterial cell wall components, including PGN (from S. aureus ; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and LPS (from E. coli 055:B5 Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Polysaccharides were dissolved in distilled water at 80 µg/ml concentration and sonicated for 3 s × 15 s on ice, and 50 µl (4 µg) were coated to each well of the plate as previously described ( 39 ). The purified rToll1, 2, or 3 was diluted in TBS to different concentrations: 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 µM.…”
The Toll pathway is essential for inducing an immune response to defend against bacterial invasion in vertebrates and invertebrates. Although Toll receptors and the transcription factor Dorsal were identified in different shrimp, relatively little is known about how the Toll pathway is activated or the function of the pathway in shrimp antibacterial immunity. In this study, three Tolls (Toll1–3) and the Dorsal were identified in Marsupenaeus japonicus. The Toll pathway can be activated by Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G−) bacterial infection. Unlike Toll binding to Spätzle in Drosophila, shrimp Tolls could directly bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns from G+ and G− bacteria, resulting in Dorsal translocation into nucleus to regulate the expression of different antibacterial peptides (AMPs) in the clearance of infected bacteria. These findings suggest that shrimp Tolls are pattern recognition receptors and the Toll pathway in shrimp is different from the Drosophila Toll pathway but identical with the mammalian Toll-like receptor pathway in its activation and antibacterial functions.
“…Bacteria including G + bacteria ( S. aureus ATCC 6538 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372) and G − bacteria ( V. anguillarum and E. coli ATCC 8099) were selected to test the binding ability of recombinant Toll1–3 (rToll1–3). The binding assay to bacteria was performed according to a previous method ( 39 ). After culturing overnight at 37°C, the bacteria were collected, and washed with TBS (100 mM Tris–HCl, 15 mM NaCl, pH 7.5).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…ELISA was used to test the binding activity of rToll1–3 to several bacterial cell wall components, including PGN (from S. aureus ; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and LPS (from E. coli 055:B5 Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Polysaccharides were dissolved in distilled water at 80 µg/ml concentration and sonicated for 3 s × 15 s on ice, and 50 µl (4 µg) were coated to each well of the plate as previously described ( 39 ). The purified rToll1, 2, or 3 was diluted in TBS to different concentrations: 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 µM.…”
The Toll pathway is essential for inducing an immune response to defend against bacterial invasion in vertebrates and invertebrates. Although Toll receptors and the transcription factor Dorsal were identified in different shrimp, relatively little is known about how the Toll pathway is activated or the function of the pathway in shrimp antibacterial immunity. In this study, three Tolls (Toll1–3) and the Dorsal were identified in Marsupenaeus japonicus. The Toll pathway can be activated by Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G−) bacterial infection. Unlike Toll binding to Spätzle in Drosophila, shrimp Tolls could directly bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns from G+ and G− bacteria, resulting in Dorsal translocation into nucleus to regulate the expression of different antibacterial peptides (AMPs) in the clearance of infected bacteria. These findings suggest that shrimp Tolls are pattern recognition receptors and the Toll pathway in shrimp is different from the Drosophila Toll pathway but identical with the mammalian Toll-like receptor pathway in its activation and antibacterial functions.
“…FREPs have also been reported to play an important role in the innate immunity of crustaceans. For instance, fibrinogen-related proteins were identified from M. japonicus (MjFREP1 and MjFREP2) (19,42), which exhibited different expression levels in different tissues. Both MjFREP1 and MjFREP2 could bind to V. anguillarum and S. aureus through interaction with LPS and peptidoglycan (PGN).…”
Phagocytosis is an ancient, highly conserved process in all multicellular organisms, through which the host can protect itself against invading microorganisms and environmental particles, as well as remove self-apoptotic cells/cell debris to maintain tissue homeostasis. In crustacean, phagocytosis by hemocyte has also been well-recognized as a crucial defense mechanism for the host against infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis, in particular focusing on the related receptors for recognition and internalization of pathogens as well as the downstream signal pathways and intracellular regulators involved in the process of hemocyte phagocytosis. We attempted to gain a deeper understanding of the phagocytic mechanism of different hemocytes and their contribution to the host defense immunity in crustaceans.
“…In some cases, trained innate immune responses in invertebrates are reported to depend on somatic diversification of some fascinating receptor systems (Pasquier 2006; Milutinović & Kurtz 2016). Some of the most prominent examples of such modification in aquaculture species include Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) in shrimps (Fu et al 2014; Rimer et al 2014; Chang et al 2018) and fibrinogen‐related proteins (FREPs) in molluscs (Watson 2005; Sun et al 2014).…”
The global production of cultured crustaceans for 2018 is predicted to be ~8.63 million tonnes, and shrimp represents a significant portion of cultured crustaceans. Demands for shrimp are raising, also in developing countries as consumer preferences have evolved with rising incomes. Shrimp is mainly produced for consumption but during processing economically valuable products are being generated such as chitosan, which is used in cosmetics, food and beverages, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. However, the potential and sustainability of shrimp aquaculture production currently suffer from high mortality rates, losses due to especially bacterial and viral infections, and hence suboptimal yields. Vibrio parahaemolyticus acute hepatopancreatic necrosis and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) disease outbreaks are examples of economically devastating disease outbreaks in shrimp. There is a need for prophylaxis of infectious diseases and for finding novel strategies for conditioning economically important shrimp broods so that they can produce more robust progenies and develop tolerance against biotic (pathogens) and abiotic stressors. Training the innate immune system of shrimp could be a possible avenue for improving animal’s health, and it might serve as potential unique strategy for conditioning the brood stock to have more robust progenies. The current review provides an overview on innate immune responses in shrimp after exposure to bacteria, viruses and abiotic stressors and on the possibilities to train the innate immune system of shrimp in order to improve health, not only of the animal itself but also of its progeny.
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