No abstract

29Bacillus are Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that are resistant to aggressive physical and 30 chemical conditions with various species existing unusual physiological features enabling them 31 to survive in various environmental conditions including fresh waters, marine sediments, desert 32 83 beneficial bacteria such as genus Bacillus in the GI tract of aquatic organisms merits 84 investigations, as autochthonous bacteria, adherent to mucosa, rapidly colonise the digestive 85 tract at early developmental larval stages (Ringø et al. 1996; Hansen & Olafsen 1999; Vadstein 86 et al. 2018).87 4 SOLTANI ET AL.During the last 20 years, numerous studies have been published on Bacillus in the intestine of 88 finfish and shellfish, their potential as probiotics, pathogenicity and their effect on the immune 89 system (e.g. Abriouel et al. 2011; Cha et al. 2013; Kim et al. 2014; Mukherjee & Ghosh 2016; 90 Wu et al., 2016; Sreenivasulu et al., 2016; Dash et al., 2018; Bachruddin et al. 2018). 91Therefore, the current review aimed to present an overview of published data on Bacillus in the 92 GI tract of finfish and shellfish, antagonistic ability, health benefits as probiotics, pathogenicity 93 and their effect on immunostimulation. 94 Bacillus in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of finfish and shellfish 95Optimal GI functionality is of importance for sustainable animal production, and three 96 components namely diet, mucosa and commensal microbiota are essential for gut health. 97 Evaluation of the gut microbiota of finfish dates back to late 1920`s and early 1930`s (Reed & 98 Spence 1929; Gibbons 1933) and sine then numerous studies have been published. The GI tract 99 microbiota in fish is divided into; the GI lumen microbiota (the allochthonous), and those that 100 adhere to the mucosal surface (the autochthonous microbiota), however, several factors can 101 modulate the gut microbiota (Ringø et al. 2016). The intestinal microbiota contributes to several 102 essential factors such as pathogen displacement, nutrient-and receptor competition, production 103 of antimicrobial factors, structural factors (induction of IgA, tightening of tight junction and 104 immune system development) and several metabolic functions. Of the commensal gut 105 microbiota of aquatic animals, phylum Firmicutes which include genus Bacillus is essential, 106 and the contribution of Sugita and colleges (Japanese scientists) and Indian scientists (Ghosh 107 and colleges, and Ray and colleges) can not be underestimated.108

No abstract

Shrimp aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food producing sectors in the world due to its high demand in developed countries; however, they are affected by diseases mainly caused by opportunistic pathogens results in huge economic losses. Today preventive and management measures are central concern to overcome such outbreak of diseases. The adverse effect of chemotherapeutics in shrimp farming has drawn attention for the development of non-antibiotic and environment friendly agents, which is one of the key factors for health management in shrimp aquaculture. In recent years, application of probiotics against virus and bacteria in shrimp farming had been a novel and safe approach since they promote the innate immune response. Probiotics for bacterial diseases like vibriosis is well reported, but for viral diseases, the authentic strains still need research. Apart from the discovery of new or better formulations, improvement in the probiotic benefits may be helpful. Thus, better and economic production methods, administration ways or combination with other preventive/therapeutic measures are welcomed. Further studies are still necessary to increase the knowledge about use of probiotics to control bacterial infections in shrimp but much more efforts are needed in the case of viral diseases. In this review, potential application of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture: importance, mechanisms of action and methods of administration are being focused. The article also explains the limitations and prospects of probiotics in sustainable and ecofriendly shrimp culture to augment the total shrimp aquaculture production.

No abstract

Forty Candidate Plus Trees (CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata were selected based on the morphometric traits to identify suitable seed sources with high oil content and for production of quality seedlings for mass afforestation in different forestry and agroforestry programmes. Significant genetic variability and association were recorded among 40 CPTs for pod and seed traits. Maximum 100-seed weight (186.80 g) and pod-weight (403.94 g) was recorded in CPT-33, while CPT-18 showed maximum oil content (44.07%). In general, phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation indicating the predominant role of environment. High heritability (broad sense) and genetic gain observed for pod-seed ratio (99.00%, 87.78%), 100-seed weight (100.00%, 66.99%) and 100-pod weight (98.00%, 57.38%), respectively indicate additive gene action. Seed weight and pod weight showed positive and significant correlation with oil content. CPTs 18, 20, 33, 13 and 29 were found to be the best on the basis of oil content and pod-seed characters.

In the present study, resveratrol, a polyphenolic SIRT1 activator was evaluated for its SIRT1 activation in an in vitro fluorescent based assay (EC(50) : 7 μM). The efficacy of resveratrol was also evaluated in ob/ob mice for its antidiabetic and associated metabolic effects. Mice aged 5-8 weeks were included in four groups; control and resveratrol at 5, 15, 50 mg/kg, b.i.d. and were dosed orally. After 4 weeks of drug treatment, body weights were noted and random blood glucose and insulin was estimated for the antidiabetic effect. Animals were also subjected to the oral glucose tolerance test to observe any improvement in the glucose excursion. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, adiponectin and free fatty acid levels were also estimated. The results showed that resveratrol exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity with an improvement in the insulin levels compared with the control mice. There was also a significant improvement observed in the glucose excursion in the oral glucose tolerance test performed for 120 min; although an insignificant improvement in the triglycerides, total cholesterol, adiponectin and free fatty acid levels was observed at different doses of resveratrol tested. The present findings suggest that resveratrol is an antihyperglycemic agent and drugs similar to resveratrol can be considered as an effective therapeutic adjuvant for the current treatment of diabetes mellitus.

HAp based porous scaffold loaded with CFS and designed porosity (in terms of micro- and macro-porosity, interconnectivity) was found to be an ideal delivery system which could locally, sustainably release the composite antibiotic in reliable manner both in terms of in vitro drug elution behaviour in contact with SBF and in vivo animal trial.