Intratesticular and subcutaneous lidocaine alters the intraoperative haemodynamic responses and heart rate variability in male cats undergoing castration

Moldal, Elena Regine; Eriksen, Thomas; Kirpensteijn, Jolle; Nødtvedt, Ane; Kristensen, Annemarie T.; Sparta, Fiorella M; Haga, Henning Andreas

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00773.x

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Although the method used to measure blood pressure (BP) is not considered a "gold standard", it accurately identifies normotensive and hypertensive animals [33]. In this study, the variables were maintained within the accepted physiological levels for this species due to the low dose of anesthetic employed and the efficiency of the anesthetic block used, which produced adequate analgesia for the procedure, corroborating with the existing literature [21]. Table 1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The values of physiological variables, such as the dose-dependent cardiorespiratory depression and peripheral vasodilation, are known to decrease as a result of general anesthesia [21]; thus, it can be affirmed that the reduction in the variables observed in this study in relation to the baseline values is expected and irrelevant, since they remained within the acceptable limits for animals under general anesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

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Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

Gomes

Dower

Stocco

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Balanced anesthesia achieved with combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs administered systemically or in loco-regional anesthetic blocks, is widely used in veterinary medicine. The use of anesthesia and/or local analgesia has already demonstrated benefits in the performance of elective orchiectomy in different species, there is no literature that evaluates the use of the maropitant intratesticular route. The present study evaluated the cardiorespiratory variables and analgesia produced by intratesticular blockade with maropitant, lidocaine, or dextroketamine during the trans-operative period along with the discharge and anesthetic recovery of dogs that underwent elective orchiectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Used twenty-four dogs from routine elective orchiectomy, considered healthy based on the results of clinical and hematological tests. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and was applied intratesticularly 2% lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GL), 5% dextrocetamina at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (GC), or 1% maropitant at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GM). Anesthesia induction was performed with propofol (to effect), and stabilization of inhalational anesthesia was achieved with 1.7 V% of sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the animal's weight, being kept under spontaneous ventilation, After induction, we waited 10 min for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration and then administered one of the treatments intratesticularly. After five min from the local block the surgical procedure was started during up to 15 min. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SatO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2), end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (EtSevo) in exhaled air, and body temperature (T°C) were measured before intratesticular administration of the agent and at specific time points during surgery, in addition to assessments of analgesia and evaluation of discharge and anesthetic recovery. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (P > 0.10). The parameters HR, RR, SAP, DAP, MAP, T, EtCO2, and SatO2 were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Scott-Knott test (Software R® 3.2.0 - 2013), considering a significance level of P < 0.05. The results did not show inter-drug differences for the evaluated variables.Discussion: It was decided not to use premedication (MPA), so that we could accurately assess the analgesic effect of drugs, lidocaine, dextroketamine and maropitant, on intratesticular block during elective orchiectomy. In this study we demonstrated that these drugs promoted analgesia, because the trans-surgical values were relatively lower compared to baseline and within physiological limits for the species. In addition, it was noted that local analgesia used was efficient since even at the time of ligature and the incision spermatic cord which is described in the literature as the most painful part of the surgical procedure. The post-anesthetic recovery and discharge were quick in the absence of MPA, local analgesia without residual effects and the use of sevoflurane. The sevoflurane has a very low blood gas coefficient solubility, resulting in a recovery fast. Therefore, we can conclude that all of the drugs promoted analgesia and cardiorespiratory stability as well as rapid anesthetic recovery for elective orchiectomy in this species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

Gomes

Dower

Stocco

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…These dichotomies provide strong evidence that the pRB is effective in controlling intraoperative and postoperative nociception. Considering the effects of intraoperative nociception on postoperative pain, 2,6,[25][26][27][28][29][30] pRB bupivacaine should be regarded as the standard of care for all canine enucleation cases for which pRB is not contraindicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, wind up pain should be prevented by performing a nerve block prior to surgical stimulation . Presurgical nerve blocks have been shown to reduce peri‐ and postoperative pain as represented by intraoperative isoflurane requirement, intraoperative hemodynamics, pain scores, patient‐driven postoperative analgesic rescue, and patient‐controlled postoperative opioid consumption …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,25 Theoretically, wind up pain should be prevented by performing a nerve block prior to surgical stimulation. 25 Presurgical nerve blocks have been shown to reduce peri-and postoperative pain as represented by intraoperative isoflurane requirement, 6 intraoperative hemodynamics, 26 pain scores, 2,27-29 patient-driven postoperative analgesic rescue, 29,30 and patient-controlled postoperative opioid consumption. 2,27 Previous studies 14,16 comparing pain scores between a bupivacaine retrobulbar block and a bupivacaine orbital splash block for canine enucleation have not detected a difference in postoperative pain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A preoperative bupivacaine retrobulbar block offers superior antinociception compared with an intraoperative splash block in dogs undergoing enucleation

Zibura

Posner

Ru³

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Purpose Investigate nociception differences in dogs undergoing enucleation administered bupivacaine either via preoperative retrobulbar block (pRB) or intraoperative splash block (iSB). Methods Prospective, randomized, double‐masked, clinical comparison study. Dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation were randomized to two groups: one received bupivacaine pRB and saline iSB of the same volume, and the other received saline pRB and bupivacaine iSB. The following intraoperative parameters were recorded: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end‐tidal CO2 (EtCO2); systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressure (SAP, MAP, and DAP respectively); inspired end‐tidal isoflurane concentration (EtISOIns), and expired end‐tidal isoflurane concentration (EtISOExp). Pain scores were recorded pre‐ and postoperatively. Analgesic rescue was documented. Surgical hemorrhage and postoperative bruising and swelling were graded subjectively by the surgeon (HDW) and study coordinator (AEZ). Results A significant (P = .0399) increase from baseline in overall mean heart rate was recorded in iSB bupivacaine patients (n = 11) compared with pRB bupivacaine patients (n = 11), with no significant differences in other intraoperative physiologic parameters, or pain scores. More analgesic rescue events occurred in iSB bupivacaine patients compared to pRB bupivacaine patients. A near‐significant increase in intraoperative bleeding (P = .0519), and a significant increase in bruising (P = .0382) and swelling (P = .0223) was noted in the iSB bupivacaine group. Conclusions Preoperative retrobulbar block bupivacaine is more effective than an iSB bupivacaine at controlling both intraoperative and postoperative nociception in dogs undergoing enucleation. Additionally, iSB causes more postoperative bruising and swelling and may be associated with increased intraoperative hemorrhage.

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Neonatal, Pediatric, and Geriatric Concerns

Cunha

2014

Canine and Feline Anesthesia and Co‐Existing Disease

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Intratesticular and subcutaneous lidocaine alters the intraoperative haemodynamic responses and heart rate variability in male cats undergoing castration

Cited by 30 publications

References 52 publications

Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

Comparison of the Effects of Maropitant, Lidocaine, and Dextroketamine Administered by the Intratesticular Route in Dogs Undergoing Elective Orchiectomy

A preoperative bupivacaine retrobulbar block offers superior antinociception compared with an intraoperative splash block in dogs undergoing enucleation

Neonatal, Pediatric, and Geriatric Concerns

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