Purpose Investigate nociception differences in dogs undergoing enucleation administered bupivacaine either via preoperative retrobulbar block (pRB) or intraoperative splash block (iSB). Methods Prospective, randomized, double‐masked, clinical comparison study. Dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation were randomized to two groups: one received bupivacaine pRB and saline iSB of the same volume, and the other received saline pRB and bupivacaine iSB. The following intraoperative parameters were recorded: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end‐tidal CO2 (EtCO2); systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressure (SAP, MAP, and DAP respectively); inspired end‐tidal isoflurane concentration (EtISOIns), and expired end‐tidal isoflurane concentration (EtISOExp). Pain scores were recorded pre‐ and postoperatively. Analgesic rescue was documented. Surgical hemorrhage and postoperative bruising and swelling were graded subjectively by the surgeon (HDW) and study coordinator (AEZ). Results A significant (P = .0399) increase from baseline in overall mean heart rate was recorded in iSB bupivacaine patients (n = 11) compared with pRB bupivacaine patients (n = 11), with no significant differences in other intraoperative physiologic parameters, or pain scores. More analgesic rescue events occurred in iSB bupivacaine patients compared to pRB bupivacaine patients. A near‐significant increase in intraoperative bleeding (P = .0519), and a significant increase in bruising (P = .0382) and swelling (P = .0223) was noted in the iSB bupivacaine group. Conclusions Preoperative retrobulbar block bupivacaine is more effective than an iSB bupivacaine at controlling both intraoperative and postoperative nociception in dogs undergoing enucleation. Additionally, iSB causes more postoperative bruising and swelling and may be associated with increased intraoperative hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE To determine the safety of topical administration of 1% atropine ophthalmic solution in healthy horses by objectively measuring gastrointestinal transit time. DESIGN Randomized, masked, controlled crossover study. ANIMALS 6 adult geldings. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned (3/group) to first receive topical treatment of the left eye with 1% atropine or artificial tears solution; the right eye was left untreated. After 24 hours of treatment every 6 hours, 200 nontoxic beads were administered to each horse via nasogastric intubation and treatment frequency was decreased to every 12 hours for 4 more days. Pupillary light reflexes (PLRs), mydriasis, heart rate, fecal bead passage, abdominal girth measurements, auscultable gut sounds, fecal weight, and clinical signs of abdominal pain were monitored. Following a 4-week washout period, horses received the opposite treatment in the left eye and measurements were repeated. Serum atropine concentration (reflecting systemic absorption) was measured with an ELISA at various points after initial atropine administration. RESULTS No horse had subjective or objective evidence of colic or ileus at any monitoring point. Complete mydriasis of the left eye with absence of the PLR was identified in 5 horses within 6 hours and in all 6 horses within 12 hours after initial atropine administration. One horse had mydriasis with an absent PLR in the untreated eye by day 5 of atropine treatment. At no point was atropine detected in serum samples of any horse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Topical atropine application at clinically appropriate doses induced no evidence of ileus in healthy horses.

Purpose To investigate the relationship between gonioscopic iridocorneal angle (ICA) morphology and the incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH) and postoperative glaucoma in dogs undergoing cataract surgery. Animals studied Retrospective analysis of 138 eyes of 78 canine patients who underwent phacoemulsification at North Carolina State University from December 1, 2015 through April 30, 2017. Methods Medical records of all phacoemulsification patients with preoperative RetCam gonioscopic images were reviewed for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables. Gonioscopic angle indices were calculated using a novel (ZibWest) angle grading system, and these indices were analyzed for outcome‐related significance. Results Increased surgeon experience was associated with increased probability of POH and vision loss. Higher average ZibWest Angle indices (ie, more open angles with less pectinate ligament dysplasia/ abnormality) were associated with a significantly decreased probability of medically unresponsive glaucoma. Increased patient age was significantly associated with an increased probability of both postoperative glaucoma and vision loss. Female dogs were significantly more likely to experience postoperative glaucoma compared to male dogs. Increased surgery time was significantly associated with increased probability of vision loss. Conclusions The ZibWest angle index may predict increased risk for developing medically unresponsive glaucoma with cataract surgery. Female sex, and increased patient age, surgical time, and surgeon experience were associated with increased postoperative morbidity.

Debulking and cryotherapy is an effective method of treatment for eyelid masses in dogs with a low study recurrence rate of 15.2% and average recurrence time of 367.9 days. Results also suggest that mixed adenoma-papilloma masses have a significantly higher recurrence rate than other eyelid masses, whereas adenomas had no recurrence in our study population.

Purpose To explore the effects of chronic, uncontrolled glaucoma on pressure sensitivity in dogs before and after enucleation of the painful globe. Methods Client‐owned dogs undergoing enucleation for chronic glaucoma with no other sources of pain were enrolled. Normal dogs of similar breeds and skull morphology were enrolled as controls. Craniofacial ratio (CFR) and relative palpebral fissure width (RPFW) were assessed in all patients. Serial mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed the day before surgery, and 14, 30, 60, and 120 days after surgery. QST consisted of electronic Von Frey (eVF), and blunt algometry (BA) performed above and below the nonglaucomatous eye, the metacarpus, and metatarsus. Cochet‐Bonnet esthesiometry (CB) was also performed on the remaining eye. Results Twelve dogs (6 per group) were included. Compared to baseline values, sensitivity tended to decrease over time (increased thresholds) in treatment dogs while it stayed constant or increased slightly in control dogs. The difference in change from baseline sensitivity between control and treatment groups was significant at day 120 using BA at supraorbital (P = .0153), infraorbital (P = .0209), and metacarpal sites (P = .007) and overall (P = .0470). This divergence was also significant using CB (P = .0470) on the opposite cornea. As patient CFR and RPFWV increased, both eVF (P = .005‐.023) and BA (P = .004‐.041) increased. Conclusions Sensitivity to mechanical stimuli decreased both locally and at remote sites in dogs following enucleation for painful chronic glaucoma. Cranial conformation is associated with differences in sensitivity.