How can digital technologies make research publicly available? 1 Available for whom, and to what end? Many definitions and declarations of open access argue for the removal of "price and permission barriers." 2 For example, the widely cited Budapest Open Access Initiative suggests that open access entails: free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself [emphasis added]. 3 Such barrier-removal talk might be taken as a sign that open access advances a "negative" conception of openness focusing on the removal of constraints, rather than more substantive "positive" conceptions of who and what openaccess research is for and the conditions under which it might thrive. 4 A closer look suggests, perhaps unsurprisingly, that there are many ways in which open access is mobilized, advocated, and practiced in the service of a range of different kinds of social, cultural, political, and economic values and visions of the future. 5