A recent report from the UN makes the case for ''global data literacy'' in order to realise the opportunities afforded by the ''data revolution''. Here and in many other contexts, data literacy is characterised in terms of a combination of numerical, statistical and technical capacities. In this article, we argue for an expansion of the concept to include not just competencies in reading and working with datasets but also the ability to account for, intervene around and participate in the wider socio-technical infrastructures through which data is created, stored and analysed -which we call ''data infrastructure literacy''. We illustrate this notion with examples of ''inventive data practice'' from previous and ongoing research on open data, online platforms, data journalism and data activism. Drawing on these perspectives, we argue that data literacy initiatives might cultivate sensibilities not only for data science but also for data sociology, data politics as well as wider public engagement with digital data infrastructures. The proposed notion of data infrastructure literacy is intended to make space for collective inquiry, experimentation, imagination and intervention around data in educational programmes and beyond, including how data infrastructures can be challenged, contested, reshaped and repurposed to align with interests and publics other than those originally intended.
Digital Methods can be defined as the repurposing of the inscriptions generated by digital media for the study of collective phenomena. The strength of these methods comes from their capacity to take advantage of the data and computational capacities of online platforms; their weakness comes from the difficulty to separate the phenomena that they investigate from the features of the media in which they manifest (‘the medium is the message’, according to McLuhan’s 1964 dictum). In this article, we discuss various methodological difficulties deriving from the lack of separation between medium and message and propose eight practical precautions to deal with it.
From the ripe fruit of Genipa americana L. there was isolated the "active" principle as a crystalline solid, which has been named genipin. Genipin corresponds to ChHh06, the oxygen atoms having been characterized in the form of an allylic primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, and a carbomethoxy function which is conjugated with a cyclic enol ether moiety. Genipin is bicyclic and attention is called to the ready formation of bluish-violet dyes with amino acids. Genipa americana L. (fam., Rubiaceae, subfamily Cinchonoidea) is a tree which is widely distributed throughout the Americas from Mexico4 5and the Caribbean region to South America.6 Its indigenous use has been mentioned from time to time4'6a and particularly striking is the report4 that the juice of the fruit imparts a dark-violet color upon every object with which it comes in contact. In fact, as early as the eighteenth century, Oviedo6 writes "from the fruit is obtained a clear juice, in which the Indians bathe their limbs and sometimes the whole body, when tired. And also for their pleasure they paint themselves with the juice, which . . . turns everything it touches as black as fine and polished jet, or even blacker; and this dye cannot be removed for fifteen or twenty days or more. ..." As will be mentioned below, the present three authors can testify from personal experience on their skin to the correctness of these statements.The above reports as well as the reputed antitubercular activity7 of extracts of the fruit of Genipa americana L. prompted us to undertake a detailed phytochemical study8 of this fruit. As recorded in the experimental section, the inner part (seeds and (
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