14-3-3 Proteins in Plant Hormone Signaling: Doing Several Things at Once

Abstract

In this review we highlight the advances achieved in the investigation of the role of 14-3-3 proteins in hormone signaling, biosynthesis, and transport. 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved molecules that target a number of protein clients through their ability to recognize well-defined phosphorylated motifs. As a result, they regulate several cellular processes, ranging from metabolism to transport, growth, development, and stress response. High-throughput proteomic data and two-hybrid screen demonstrate that 14-3-3 proteins physically interact with many protein clients involved in the biosynthesis or signaling pathways of the main plant hormones, while increasing functional evidence indicates that 14-3-3-target interactions play pivotal regulatory roles. These advances provide a framework of our understanding of plant hormone action, suggesting that 14-3-3 proteins act as hubs of a cellular web encompassing different signaling pathways, transducing and integrating diverse hormone signals in the regulation of physiological processes.

Response of Ancient and Modern Wheat Varieties to Biochar Application: Effect on Hormone and Gene Expression Involved in Germination and Growth

“…In general, results confirm that the positive effect of biochar on the germination performance of wheat varieties is due to an increase in GA synthesis, ABA and 3-IAA concentrations were significantly lower than those of GA. It is known that the stimulatory role of gibberellins (GA) in cereal grain have an interactive inhibitory effect on ABA transactivation activity, while the same does not affect GA activity [26,27]. These results demonstrate that, at a molecular level, the biochar soil amendment was able to markedly improve GA content of wheat seeds, thereby increasing their germination ability.…”

The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network

“…Sugar signaling can also be mediated by different mechanisms of post-translational regulation. The 14-3-3 proteins are phosphoserine-binding proteins that regulate a wide array of targets via direct protein–protein interactions [ 174 ]. They are involved in sugar-mediated post-translational regulation.…”

Over-Expression of a 14-3-3 Protein From Foxtail Millet Improves Plant Tolerance to Salinity Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

“…Current data clearly show plant 14-3-3 proteins are involved in many key physiological processes, ranging from metabolism to transport, biotic and abiotic stress responses, hormone signaling pathways (brassinosteroids, auxin, ABA, gibberellins, ethylene, cytokinins), plant growth and development, and flowering (Chen et al, 2006;Yuan et al, 2007;Barjaktaroviae et al, 2009;Yekti Asih et al, 2009;Xiaohua et al, 2010;Denison et al, 2011;Sun et al, 2015;Camoni et al, 2018). For example, two A. thaliana proteins, 14-3-3µ and 14-3-3υ, influence transition to flowering and early phytochrome response; loss of function of 14-3-3µ and 14-3-3υ showed a delay in flowering of 3-5 days under LD conditions (Mayfield et al, 2007).…”