100 Gbit/s Fully Integrated InP DHBT-Based CDR/1:2 DEMUX IC

Makon, R. E.; Driad, R.; Lösch, R.; Rosenzweig, J.; Schlechtweg, M.

doi:10.1109/csics.2008.36

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…High-speed CDR/DEMUX circuits typically consume considerably more energy than MUXs because a larger proportion of the circuit operates at high speed [32]. For example, in [41], a laboratory 100 Gb/s, 1:2 InP HBT-based 1:2 DEMUX consumed 10-30 pJ/b, and in [42], an InP DHBT-based CDR integrated with a 1:2 DEMUX at 100 Gb/s consumed 21 pJ/b. DEMUX circuits with higher demultiplexing ratios (e.g., 1:4, 1:8, and 1:16) consume considerably more energy than a 1:2 DEMUX.…”

Section: E Optical Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Optical Communications—Part I: Energy Limitations in Transport

Tucker

2011

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

189

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The capacity and geographical coverage of the global communications network continue to expand. One consequence of this expansion is a steady growth in the overall energy consumption of the network. This is the first of two papers that explore the fundamental limits on energy consumption in optical communication systems and networks. The objective of these papers is to provide a framework for understanding how this growth in energy consumption can be managed. This paper (Part I) focuses on the energy consumption in optically amplified transport systems. The accompanying paper (Part II) focuses on energy consumption in networks.A key focus of both papers is an analysis of the lower bound on energy consumption. This lower bound gives an indication of the best possible energy efficiency that could ever be achieved. The lower bound on energy in transport systems is limited by the energy consumption in optical amplifiers, and in optical transmitters and receivers. The performance of an optical transport system is ultimately set by the Shannon bound on receiver sensitivity, and depends on factors such as the modulation format, fiber losses, system length, and the spontaneous noise in optical amplifiers. Collectively, these set a lower bound on the number of amplifiers required, and hence, the amplifier energy consumption. It is possible to minimize the total energy consumption of an optically amplified system by locating repeaters strategically. The lower bound on energy consumption in optical transmitters and receivers is limited by device and circuit factors. In commercial optical transport systems, the energy consumption is at least two orders of magnitude larger than the ideal lower bounds described here. The difference between the ideal lower bounds and the actual energy consumption in commercial systems is due to inefficiencies and energy overheads. A key strategy in reducing the energy consumption of optical transport systems will be to reduce these inefficiencies and overheads.

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Section: E Optical Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Optical Communications—Part I: Energy Limitations in Transport

Tucker

2011

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

189

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“…For highest operation speed, the data latches included in the D-FFs are realised using emitter-coupling logic (ECL) as well as series-gating circuit techniques. Furthermore, inductive peaking is applied in association with the resistive load terminating the ECL data input and output of the latches as well as the corresponding ECL clock input [5]. Not least, a relatively low switching voltage level of 200 mV further supports the high-speed operation ability of the DEMUX core.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the data input buffer is critical for achieving a high input sensitivity. The clock buffer consists of a transadmittance stage with an open-collector configuration, that is, this buffer device works on the clock input terminations of the four latches included in the DEMUX core [5]. This ensures high-speed driving of the clock input signal to the corresponding inputs of the DEMUX core as well as the elimination of oscillation tendencies on the clock distribution path.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%