Translation and adaptation of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) in a sample of Portuguese athletes, invariance across genders nature sports and swimming

Abstract

The aim of this study was to translate and validate of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), from Mullen et al. version in Portuguese athletes, invariance across genders and nature sports and swimming, as well as, external validity, through the Portuguese version of BRSQ. Athletes (n=1032; 273 nature sports, 759 swimming) with an average age of 18,95 ± 6,59 years participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis (maximum likelihood), multigroup analysis (measurement invariance) and correlation analysis were used for data analyzed. Results supported the suitability of the models (one factor which eight items) showing an adequate fit to the data in each sample (general:χ²=181,96, p=<0,01, df=20, SRMR=0,04, NNFI=0,94, CFI=0,96, RMSEA=0,07, RMSEA 90% IC=0,06-0,08; male: χ²=113,27, p=<0,01, df=20, SRMR=0,04, NNFI=0,95, CFI=0,97, RMSEA=0,07, RMSEA 90% IC=0,06-0,08; female: χ²=67,59, p=<0,01, df=20, SRMR=0,03, NNFI=0,94, CFI=0,96, RMSEA=0,07, RMSEA 90% IC=0,06-0,09; nature sports: χ²=42,32, p=0,02, df=20, SRMR=0,037, NNFI=0,96, CFI=0,98, RMSEA=0,06, RMSEA 90% IC=0,04-0,08; swimming: χ²=130,14, p=<0,01, df=20, SRMR=0,04, NNFI=0,94, CFI=0,96, RMSEA=0,07, RMSEA 90% IC=0,06-0,08), as well as, were invariant across genders and nature sports and swimming (ΔCFI≤0,01). Enjoyment was, on the one hand, found to be positively and significantly correlated with identified regulation (r=0,82), integrated regulation (r=0,62) and intrinsic motivation (r=0,90). On the other, it was negatively and significantly correlated with amotivation (r=-0,25) and external and introjected regulation (r=-0,42; -0,38), respectively. Those findings allow concluding that PACES can be used to measure enjoyment in the future studies, thus filling an existing gap to date.

The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale in Exercise (BPNSFS-E): Validity, Reliability, and Gender Invariance in Portuguese Exercisers

“…This questionnaire assesses enjoyment when exercising, through eight items which participants responded to using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 ( totally disagree ) to 7 ( totally agree ). Psychometric tests from previous studies in exercise (Teques et al., 2017) and sport (Monteiro et al., 2017) support the use of present scale. Internal consistency ranged from .92 in the validation sample to .94 in the calibration sample.…”

Transplant recipients’ motivational orientation towards sport participation and physical activity enjoyment at the 2019 World Transplant Games in Newcastle-Gateshead UK

“…The second hypothesis of the investigation was also retained since enjoyment correlated significantly and positively with all constructive dimensions of motivation (task, orientation, intrinsic, integrated, and identified) and both significantly and negatively with some controlled motivational factors (extrinsic and amotivation). Similar findings are reported in studies that primarily aimed to translate and validate the psychometric properties of the physical activity enjoyment scale in a large sample of Portuguese athletes (Monteiro et al, 2017) and within a Spanish context (Moreno, González-Cutre, Martínez, Alonso, & López, 2008). Based on the tenets of the Organismic Integration Theory (OIT; Deci & Ryan, 1985 [mini theory within SDT]), athletes' active and spontaneous engagement in sports that are aimed at personal growth and improvement are likely to derive a greater sense of enjoyment from their efforts and accomplishments (Ryan & Deci 2017).…”

“…Not only is this notion verified with the significant negative association noted between extrinsic motivation and athletes' level of enjoyment in the findings of the present study, but it also explains why amotivation is negatively associated with enjoyment as well as a significant negative predictor thereof (enjoyment). The latter findings are supported by Garcia-Mas et al (2010) and Monteiro et al (2017) suggesting that athletes who are motivated…”

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Paces) as a Two-Dimensional Scale: Exploratory and Invariance Analysis

“…Nevertheless, the most commonly used instrument nowadays is the eight-item version of PACES (Mullen et al, 2011), which advanced clinical assessment and reduced participants' burden. This shorter version has been translated and validated in several countries, including Portugal (Monteiro, et al, 2017;Teques, et al, 2017), Spain (Moreno et al, 2014), Germany (Jekauc, et al, 2013), and China (Chung & Leung, 2018).…”

“…To confirm if the hypothesized two-correlated model would be equivalent between groups with different characteristics, measurement invariance analysis is performed between male and female. Based on previous assumptions, it is expected that the model would be equivalent between genders (Monteiro et al, 2017).…”