Clinical Investigation of Congenital Factor Affecting Craniofacial Morphology of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate in Japanese Patients

Abstract

To evaluate the craniofacial morphology of Japanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and to evaluate the multiple congenital factors that affects craniofacial morphology in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 140 subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate were taken before any orthodontic treatment and alveolar bone graft. Subjects mean age was 6.85 ±1.56 years. Primary surgeries performed by surgeons from Hokkaido University Hospital. The craniofacial morphology of the 140 subjects was assessed by angular and linear cephalometric measurements. Gender, side of cleft, complete/incomplete type of cleft, presence/absence of lateral incisor in the affected side, family history of cleft and family history of skeletal Class III was chosen as congenital factors. To compare the assessments using congenital factors affecting craniofacial morphology in the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects, angular and linear cephalometric measured values from each individual subject (control group) were converted into Z scores in relation to the means and standard deviation of the two parameters. Results: Twelve out of 13 craniofacial morphology outcomes were insignificant in 5 out of 6 dependent variables. Only 1 dependent variable showed 3/13 significant differences. Conclusion: Current study revealed the evidence that there were almost no significant differences in the craniofacial morphology outcome among various congenital factors. This will provide base line information and help determine the effectiveness of such factors.

Dental Characteristics of Different Types of Cleft and Non-cleft Individuals

“…Maxillary growth retardation is often observed in patients with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) ( Alam et al, 2008 ; Kajii et al, 2013 ). Altered craniofacial morphology was also observed in relation to postnatal treatment factors and congenital factors in the Japanese population ( Alam et al, 2013 , 2019 ).…”

“… Alam et al (2019) , Alam and Alfawzan (2020) investigated the craniofacial morphology of Japanese UCLP patients and investigated the association with congenital (2019) and postnatal treatment factors (2013). Among congenital factors, gender and DC (U1-SN) showed insignificant disparities, which coincide with the results of the present study.…”

“…Numerous strategies for the evaluation of the craniofacial characteristics, dental relationship, and maxillary morphometry measurement of CLP individuals have been depicted already ( Alam et al, 2008 , 2013 , 2019 ; Kajii et al, 2013 ; Asif et al, 2016 ; Arshad et al, 2017a , b , 2018 ; Haque et al, 2017a , b , 2018 ). The result of the craniofacial characteristics of CLP can be evaluated from multifacets of factors, for example, dental relationship ( Haque et al, 2018 ), cephalogram ( Alam et al, 2013 , 2019 ; Wu et al, 2013 ; Batwa et al, 2018 ; Alam and Alfawzan, 2020 ), cone-beam computed tomography ( Parveen et al, 2018 ), and maxillary morphometry ( Haque et al, 2020 ). Oral clefts show an assortment of clinical inconsistencies ( Batwa et al, 2018 ).…”

Incidence of Egyptian Live Births of Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Cairo, Luxor, Aswan and New Valley Governorates: A Survey Study in 237,783 Children

“…Genetic disorders could be classified into chromosomal disorders, single-gene disorders, multifactorial disorders, and mitochondrial disorders. CL±P were proved to be separate etiological entities, and for both, multifactorial inheritance had been proposed [42,43]. If more than one family member was affected, the risk of recurrence would increase.…”

Treatment Outcome Based on GOSLON Score of Multiple Factors in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Children of Four Different Ethnic

“…Maxillary growth retardation is often observed in patients with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) which finally leads to Class III malocclusion, concave facial profile and mid facial growth deficiency. According to previous literature, various factors including both congenital and post natal treatment factors are responsible for this maxillary growth retardation which later on go towards the unfavorable treatment outcome of a Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (UCLP) patient [5][6][7][8].…”