Anti-tick effect and cholinesterase inhibition caused by Prosopis juliflora alkaloids: in vitro and in silico studies

Abstract

<jats:p>Abstract We investigated the in vitro acaricide activity of the methanolic extract (ME) and alkaloid-rich fraction (AF) of Prosopis juliflora on Rhipicephalus microplus and correlated this effect with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The acaricide activity was evaluated using adult and larval immersion tests. Also, we studied the possible interaction mechanism of the major alkaloids present in this fraction via molecular docking at the active site of R. microplus AChE1 (RmAChE1). Higher reproductive inhibitory activity of the AF was recorded, with effective concentration (EC50) four times lower than that of the ME (31.6 versus 121 mg/mL). The AF caused mortality of tick larvae, with lethal concentration 50% (LC50) of 13.8 mg/mL. Both ME and AF were seen to have anticholinesterase activity on AChE of R. microplus larvae, while AF was more active with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.041 mg/mL. The LC-MS/MS analyses on the AF led to identification of three alkaloids: prosopine (1), juliprosinine (2) and juliprosopine (3). The molecular docking studies revealed that these alkaloids had interactions at the active site of the RmAChE1, mainly relating to hydrogen bonds and cation-pi interactions. We concluded that the alkaloids of P. juliflora showed acaricide activity on R. microplus and acted through an anticholinesterase mechanism.</jats:p>

Investigation of effective natural inhibitors for starch hydrolysing enzymes from Simaroubaceae plants by molecular docking analysis and comparison with in-vitro studies

“…The prosopine is a hydroxyflavan and isolated from Castelu tortuosa (Simaroubaceae) ( Kubo et al., 1993 ), however, they have not studied its biological activity. The anti-cholinesterase activity, acaricide activity, and multiple organ toxicity were found in the alkaloid-rich extracts of Prosopis juliflora where prosopine was found to be one of the compounds identified after characterization ( Lima et al., 2020 ; Singh and Verma, 2016 ). During the docking study, it was observed that prosopine was interacting through the salt bridge, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic and Pi-Pi interactions in the active site of Nt-SI as represented in Figure 11 .…”

Anonaine from Annona crassiflora inhibits glutathione S-transferase and improves cypermethrin activity on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887)

“…For instance, alkaloids and glycosides detected in a Datura metel extract had synergistically inhibitor y effects against R. microplus engorged females (Ghosh et al, 2015). Moreover, an alkaloid-rich fraction from Prosopis juliflora (Sargent 1902) was responsible for activity against adult females of R. microplus (Lima et al, 2020). In addition, this alkaloid-r ic h fraction was more active on larvae than on adults.…”

Prosopis juliflora piperidine alkaloid extract levels in diet for sheep change energy and nitrogen metabolism and affect enteric methane yield

“…12 Nevertheless, analyses on the alkaloid fraction from mesquite pods collected in Senhor do Bonfim, Brumado, and Manoel Vitorino, located in different geographical regions of the Bahia state, led to identification of two majority alkaloids: juliprosinine and juliprosopine (juliflorine). 3,13,14 Doses of 130, 260 and 390 mg m −3 enriched mesquite piperidine alkaloid extract (MPA), obtained as chlorinated salts from basic chloroform extract (BCE), were used in in vitro ruminal fermentation by Pereira et al, 6 who observed an increase in propionate concentration, lower methane yield and unaffected degradability of the dry matter from wheat bran compared with sodium monensin at 110 mg m −3 . MPA doses ranging from 2.3 to 31.5 mg kg −1 dry matter, providing intraruminal concentrations of approximately 230-3150 mg m −3 per day, enhanced the energy and protein utilization and increased the performance of crossbred Santa Inês growing male lambs.…”

“…The qualitative and quantitative nature of the bioactive piperidine alkaloid profile in Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C. (mesquite) can vary significantly depending on geographical location and annuality 12 . Nevertheless, analyses on the alkaloid fraction from mesquite pods collected in Senhor do Bonfim, Brumado, and Manoel Vitorino, located in different geographical regions of the Bahia state, led to identification of two majority alkaloids: juliprosinine and juliprosopine (juliflorine) 3,13,14 …”