Empresas farmacêuticas e acesso a medicamentos nos países em desenvolvimento: o caminho a seguir

Nwobike, Justice C.

doi:10.1590/s1806-64452006000100008

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Por otra parte, en cinco de los artículos analizados (Nwobike, 2005;Orta, 2008;Cabral 2008y Torres, 2010, se plantea que en los países o regiones con menor poder adquisitivo, o en vías de desarrollo, las farmacéuticas limitan el acceso a los medicamentos, además de que han olvidado la formulación de medicaciones para los males o enfermedades comunes, al punto de que lo que impera en el mercado comercial son las "enfermedades creadas o inventadas". En el artículo de Nwobike (2005), se menciona que la única participación de los países más desfavorecidos en cuanto a adquirir medicamentos surge cuando sus ciudadanos se involucran en pruebas experimentales para aprobar un protocolo de investigación para un nuevo tratamiento; de igual forma, el autor expone el actuar incorrecto de las farmacéuticas en cuanto al acceso a medicamentos, como por ejemplo para la pandemia de VIH/SIDA, debido a resistencia en cuanto a financiar investigaciones acerca de enfermedades no lucrativas.…”

Section: Desarrollounclassified

“…Esta conclusión coincide con lo expuesto por Nwobike (2005), quien anota que, en muchos países, dentro de las prácticas de las empresas farmacéuticas se ha establecido limitantes para el acceso a los medicamentos, dado que estas empresas se resisten a financiar investigaciones asociadas a enfermedades que no son lucrativas, un claro reflejo de la pérdida del norte original de este tipo de industria.…”

Section: Desarrollounclassified

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La realidad detrás de las farmacéuticas: sendas de una posmodernidad que no perdona

Artavia

2014

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El siguiente artículo se origina de la necesidad actual de analizar cuál es la realidad en torno a la industria farmacéutica a partir de los postulados de la (post) modernidad. Para su formulación, se efectuó una revisiónbibliográfica en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (Bireme) y en la Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), en donde tras la aplicación de criterios de inclusión determinados, se obtuvo un total de 23 artículos que fungieron como base del planteamiento hecho. En cuanto a los principales resultados, en trece de los documentos analizados se critica el proceso de comercialización que ha dictado la pauta por seguir en la producción farmacéutica; luego, en otros siete se plantea que en dicha industria se restringe el acceso a los medicamentos en los países o regiones con menor poder adquisitivo, dado que existe resistencia a financiar investigaciones referentes a enfermedades que no son lucrativas. Como conclusión se afirma que en la actualidad, debido a los procesos propios de las políticas neoliberales y al capitalismo que envuelven a la producción farmacéutica, se perdió como objetivo la salud de la comunidad, trasformando dicho derecho en un proceso demarketing y mercantilismo.

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Section: Desarrollounclassified

La realidad detrás de las farmacéuticas: sendas de una posmodernidad que no perdona

Artavia

2014

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“…The access to pharmaceutical products is essential to guarantee the constitutional right to health for each person in the population. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one third of the world population does not have access to regular and essential pharmaceutical products [21,27]. In Brazil, The Ministry of Health, through the Unique Health System (SUS), offers the acquisition of drugs for the population free of charge.…”

Section: Brief History About Biopharmaceuticals In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biopharmaceutical and Biosimilar Products in Brazil: From Political To Biotechnological Overview

Basso¹

2013

J Bioequiv Availab

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one third of the world's population don't have the necessary access to pharmaceutical products, including essential drugs. In Brazil, the Governmental Health System (SUS) distributes some medicaments for free to the population. They were, then, classified into three categories in the country: basic, strategic and specialized components. Among these categories, the last one is highlighted due to the expensive costs of its products, which are essential for the treatment of rare and specific diseases. For this reason, the Ministry of Health created, in 1993, the Program for Specialized Medicaments, where all the drugs included in this category were distributed for free through Clinics and Hospitals. During the first year of this Program's implementation, there were 15 different items distributed into 31 distinct presentations. Nowadays, the list expanded to 150 different items dispensed into 310 presentations. Hence, the availability of imported pharmaceutical products in Brazil overloaded the expenses by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Only during 2011, US$ 1.5 billion were spent on these products, where 30% of this amount was related to specialized ones. In order to reduce costs, the Brazilian Federal Government developed, in 2004, the Technological Innovation Law. According to the Decree number 6.041, the National Politics for Biotechnology and the National Committee of Biotechnology were created in order to stimulate the development of Biotechnology for human health, targeting mainly the national production of biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the end of patents for several medicaments during the last 5 years enhanced the motivation for national production of new drugs. In this way, some Governmental Institutions, in partnership with International Pharmaceutical Industries, started developing the first biosimilar molecules. Therefore, this report describes the evolution of Biotechnology in Brazil, relating the laws, regulations and Programs created along the last 20 years for Human Health application.

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“…According to the World Health Organization, one third of the world’s population has no regular access to essential medicines (Nowbike 2006; Blatt et al 2012). In Brazil, the Government provides free, high-cost drugs to the population, which are classified into three different categories: basic, strategic and specialised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant glucagon: a differential biological activity

et al. 2015

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In Brazil, there is a growing demand for specialised pharmaceuticals, and the high cost of their importation results in increasing costs, reaching US$ 1.34 billion in 2012 and US$ 1.61 billion in 2013. Worldwide expenses related to drugs could reach US$ 1.3 trillion in 2018, especially due to new treatments for hepatitis C and cancer. Specialised or high-cost pharmaceutical drugs used for the treatment of viral hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, HIV and diabetes are distributed free of charge by the Brazilian government. The glucagon peptide was included in this group of high-cost biopharmaceuticals in 2008. Although its main application is the treatment of hypoglycaemia in diabetic patients, it can also be used with patients in an alcoholic coma, for those patients with biliary tract pain, and as a bronchodilator. Therefore, in order to reduce biopharmaceutical production costs, the Brazilian government passed laws focusing on the development and increase of a National Pharmaceutical Industrial Centre, including the demand for the national production of glucagon. For that reason and given the importance and high cost of recombinant glucagon, the purpose of this study was to develop methods to improve production, purification and performance of the biological activity of recombinant glucagon. Glucagon was recombined into a plasmid vector containing a Glutathione S-transferase tag, and the peptide was expressed in a heterologous Escherichia coli system. After purification procedures and molecular analyses, the biological activity of this recombinant glucagon was examined using in vivo assays and showed a highly significant (p < 0.00001) and prolonged effect on glucose levels when compared with the standard glucagon. The experimental procedure described here facilitates the high level production of recombinant glucagon with an extended biological activity.

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Empresas farmacêuticas e acesso a medicamentos nos países em desenvolvimento: o caminho a seguir

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

La realidad detrás de las farmacéuticas: sendas de una posmodernidad que no perdona

La realidad detrás de las farmacéuticas: sendas de una posmodernidad que no perdona

Biopharmaceutical and Biosimilar Products in Brazil: From Political To Biotechnological Overview

Recombinant glucagon: a differential biological activity

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