Anesthesia and transport of fat snook Centropomus parallelus with the essential oil of Nectandra megapotamica(Spreng.) Mez

Abstract

This study analyzed the chemical composition and anesthetic potential of essential oil (EO) of Nectandra megapotamica in fat snook (Centropomus parallelus). For the extraction of EO by hydrodistillation, leaves were separated in young (EO-Y) or old (EO-O), and the chemical composition of the EOs was determined by CG-MS. The anesthetic potential was assessed by the evaluation of induction and recovery time of anesthesia and stress response from anesthesia and transport. Three experiments were carried out: i) four different concentrations of each EO were tested to evaluate anesthesia induction and recovery time; ii) two concentrations of EO-O were tested for the evaluation of its effects on stress parameters (glucose, lactate, and Na + and K + plasma levels) caused by anesthesia; and iii) fish were transported in plastic bags, supplied with two concentrations of EO-O for the evaluation of water quality and mortality. All experiments were performed on fish acclimated to 0 and 33 ppt salinity. The main constituents of the Y and O-EOs were bicyclogermacrene (46.5/34.6%), α-pinene (26.8/26.2%), β-pinene (7.9/12.3%), and germacrene D (9.6/9.1%). Mild sedation was achieved at 30 µL L -1 (1.3-3.2 min) and deep anesthesia at 150 µL L -1 (5.6-8.0 min) with both EOs. The recovery time ranged from 1-10 min. The EO-O was not able to avoid the stress of anesthesia evidenced by elevated glucose and lactate plasma levels observed in all groups. Plasma levels of Na + and K + were not significantly affected by treatments. During transport, the use of EO-O did not prevent deterioration in water quality and the post-transport mortality. In conclusion, the EO of N. megapotamica has anesthetic activity in fat snook, but it was not able to prevent the stress of anesthesia and transport.Este estudo analisou a composição química e o potencial anestésico do óleo essencial (OE) de Nectandra megapotamica em robalos-peva (Centropomus parallelus). Para a extração do OE por hidrodestilação, as folhas foram separadas em jovens (OE-J) ou velhas (OE-V) e a composição química foi determinada por CG-EM. O potencial anestésico foi acessado através da avaliação do tempo de indução e recuperação da anestesia e resposta ao estresse do procedimento anestésico e transporte. Foram realizados três experimentos: em primeiro lugar, quatro concentrações diferentes de cada OE foram testadas para avaliar o tempo de indução à anestesia e de recuperação; em segundo lugar, duas concentrações do OE-V foram testadas para avaliar os efeitos sobre os parâmetros de estresse (níveis plasmáticos de glicose, lactato, Na + e K + ) causados pelo procedimento anestésico; em terceiro lugar, os peixes foram transportados em sacos plásticos com duas concentrações do OE-V para avaliação da qualidade da água e mortalidade. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em peixes aclimatados à salinidade zero e 33. Os constituintes majoritários do OE-J e OE-V foram: biciclogermacreno (46,5/34,6%), α-pineno (26,8/26,2%), β-pineno (7,9/12,3%) e germacreno D (9,6/9,1%). Sedação leve foi alca...

Essential oils of Cunila galioides and Origanum majorana as anesthetics for Rhamdia quelen: efficacy and effects on ventilation and ionoregulation

“…In line with previous findings with EOs of L. alba (Cunha et al, 2010), N. megapotamica (Tondolo et al, 2013) and A. triphylla (Gressler et al, 2014;Parodi et al, 2014), increasing concentrations of both EOC and EOO proportionally decreased sedation and anesthesia induction time. As stated by Marking, Meyer (1985), an ideal fish anesthetic should induce anaesthesia in less than 3 min, and recovery should occur in 5 min.…”

“…In the Brazilian flounder (Paralichthys orbignyanus), the EO of Aloysia gratissima elicited paralysis and mortality during anesthesia (Benovit et al, 2012). Other undesirable effects have been reported in fish exposed to natural anesthetics: increased lactate content with N. megapotamica, L. alba and H. ringens EOs (Tondolo et al, 2013;Toni et al, 2014), elevated glucose levels with mentol (Simões, Gomes, 2009;Sanchez et al, 2014), increased plasma cortisol with clove oil (Bressler, Ron, 2004;Weber et al, 2011) and increased hematocrit and disturbances of hydromineral balance with A. triphylla EO (Gressler et al, 2014). Thus, as any other product used in fish farming, safety and efficacy of EOs should be carefully investigated for individuals of a given species.…”

“…Nevertheless, these synthetic drugs may act as chemical stressors and trigger undesirable side effects as weight loss, acidosis and osmotic stress as a result of the inadequate blood-water gas and ion exchange (Sladky et al, 2001;Bolasina, 2006;Zahl et al, 2012). Alternatively, a growing number of studies employing plant-derived compounds have been produced, including investigations with essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (Cunha et al, 2010;Parodi et al, 2014;Toni et al, 2014), Ocotea acutifolia (Silva et al, 2013b), Nectandra megapotamica (Tondolo et al, 2013), Aloysia triphylla (Gressler et al, 2014;Parodi et al, 2014;Zeppenfeld et al, 2014) and Hesperozygis ringens (Silva et al, 2013b;Toni et al, 2014). These natural EOs have been proven effective for sedation and anesthesia of fish with advantages over synthetic alternatives, e.g., lower cost and higher security (Silva et al, 2013b;Tondolo et al, 2013).…”

“…Alternatively, a growing number of studies employing plant-derived compounds have been produced, including investigations with essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (Cunha et al, 2010;Parodi et al, 2014;Toni et al, 2014), Ocotea acutifolia (Silva et al, 2013b), Nectandra megapotamica (Tondolo et al, 2013), Aloysia triphylla (Gressler et al, 2014;Parodi et al, 2014;Zeppenfeld et al, 2014) and Hesperozygis ringens (Silva et al, 2013b;Toni et al, 2014). These natural EOs have been proven effective for sedation and anesthesia of fish with advantages over synthetic alternatives, e.g., lower cost and higher security (Silva et al, 2013b;Tondolo et al, 2013). However, natural products may also trigger some stressful effects and induce physiological changes (Benovit et al, 2012;Gressler et al, 2014).…”

Salinity does not alter the effectiveness of menthol as an anesthetic and sedative during the handling and transport of juvenile fat snook (Centropomus parallelus)

“…Natural oils are becoming increasingly used as anesthetics due to their low toxicity and risks to operators (Façanha and Gomes, 2005;Tondolo et al, 2013). In this context, menthol has been used as an anesthetic for marine invertebrates and fish (Ross and Ross, 1999;Simões and Gomes, 2009).…”