Molecular systematics of the Phyllachorales (ascomycota, fungi) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequences

Abstract

In order to evaluate the monophyly of the Phyllachorales from a molecular standpoint and elucidate its phylogenetic relationships with other orders, a segment of the 18S rRNA gene from several representatives of the Phyllachorales, including species of Glomerella, Phyllachora, Coccodiella (=Coccostroma), Sphaerodothis, Ophiodothella, as well as Magnaporthe was sequenced. Maximum Parsimony analysis revealed that the Phyllachorales was a polyphyletic assemblage of taxa. None of the other members of the Phyllachorales, which produced either a clypeus or stroma, clustered with Glomerella. Of the taxa examined, was Coccodiella the closest relative of Phyllachora. Magnaporthe was closely related to the Diaporthales. Our 18S rDNA data highly supported Glomerella being accommodated in a separate family.<br>A ordem Phyllachorales foi avaliada do ponto de vista molecular visando esclarecer a sua relação filogenética com outras ordens. Um fragmento do gene 18S rRNA de diversos representantes dos Phyllachorales, incluindo espécies de Glomerella, Phyllachora, Coccodiella (=Coccostroma), Sphaerodothis, Ophiodothella, como também Magnaporthe foi sequenciado. Análise de parsimônia máxima revelou que a ordem Phyllacholares é polifilética. Nenhum dos outros representantes dos Phyllachorales, que produzem um clipeu ou estroma, se agruparam com Glomerella. Dos taxa estudados, Coccodiella é o mais próximo de Phyllachora. Esses dois gêneros formam um grupo irmão dos Sordariales, que juntos são um grupo irmão dos Diaporthales. Sphaerodothis e Ophiodothella se agruparam dentro dos Hypocreales/Clavicipitales e Xylariales, respectivamente. Magnaporthe é o mais próximo de Diaporthales. Nossos dados de 18S rDNA fortemente suportam Glomerella ser acomodado em uma família distinta

Phylogeny of the order Phyllachorales (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes): among and within order relationships based on five molecular loci

“…Our findings support the placement of Phyllachorales within the subclass Sordariomycetidae in the class Sordariomycetes , as suggested by previous molecular studies ( Winka & Eriksson 2000 , Wanderlei-Silva et al 2003 ). The extended taxon sampling and the use of three markers (nrLSU, nrSSU, and RPB2 ) allow us to strongly corroborate these findings.…”

“…The reasons for the previous inclusion of these species in Phyllachorales were their biotrophic condition, immersed perithecia, and presence of stromatic tissue. Other molecular studies also supported these exclusions ( Wanderlei-Silva et al 2003 , Habibi et al 2015 ).…”

“…Molecular phylogenetic studies including members of the Phyllachorales are infrequent, mainly because it is difficult to obtain cultures of these biotrophic fungi. The existing molecular studies indicate, without support and with a limited sampling, that the order might be related to Sordariales or Boliniales ( Winka & Eriksson 2000 , Wanderlei-Silva et al 2003 , Inderbitzin et al 2004 , Trampe 2010 ). A recent large-scale phylogenetic study confirms the position of Phyllachorales in the subclass Sordariomycetidae with high support ( Maharachchikumbura et al 2015 ).…”

“…It is known that the Glomerella/Colletotrichum complex that was placed within Phyllachorales in the past, belongs to the Glomerellales ( Wanderlei-Silva et al 2003 , Réblová et al 2011 ) fungi. Some studies suggested that Phyllachorales are a polyphyletic assemblage, since several taxa had to be excluded from this order: Ophiodothella and Sphaerodothis were transferred to Xylariales and Hypocreales , respectively ( Wanderlei-Silva et al 2003 ); Plectosphaera eucalypti to Xylariales ( Summerell et al 2006 ), and Polystigma amygdalinum to subclass Xylariomycetidae ( Habibi et al 2015 ). These studies also suggested that among the studied taxa, Phyllachora and Coccodiella are the only genera forming a monophyletic clade, closely related to Sordariales , and considered as true Phyllachorales .…”

An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny

“…Glomerella had been placed in the Phyllachorales (see the orders of uncertain positions) but some of its features are clearly distinct from those of other Phyllachorales, such as its lack of stromatic tissue and its exclusively Colletotrichum anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses (Wanderlei-Silva et al 2003) confirmed these distinctions and they recognized Glomerella as a family in the Hypocreomycetidae. Further investigation is required to test whether Verticillium dahliae, a sister taxon of G. cingulata in the phylogeny presented here (FIG.…”