Abstract:The order Phyllachorales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) is a group of biotrophic, obligate plant parasitic fungi with a tropical distribution and high host specificity. Traditionally two families are recognised within this order: Phyllachoraceae and Phaeochoraceae, based mostly on morphological and host characteristics. Currently, the position of the order within the class Sordariomycetes is inconclusive, as well as the monophyly of the order, and its internal phylogenetic structure. Here we present a phylogeny … Show more
“…The latter fact suggests that Entorrhizales are probably host species specific like many biotrophic pathogens (e.g. Lutz et al 2008;Choi et al 2011;Beenken et al 2012;Piątek et al 2013aPiątek et al , b, 2016Rouxel et al 2013;Mardones et al 2017;Ziegler et al 2018;Kruse et al 2018). Therefore, further splitting of polyphagous species, especially Juncorrhiza casparyana reported from 17 host plants (Vánky 2012), may increase the number of species in this order.…”
Section: Hidden Diversity In the Entorrhizalesmentioning
Fungi belonging to the Entorrhizales (Entorrhizomycota) comprise biotrophic pathogens associated with roots of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae plant species. They are nearly globally distributed but rarely studied due to a hidden lifestyle without causing visible effects on host plants. Therefore, the evolutionary origin and phylogenetic relationships of the group are still poorly understood and it is not known whether species diversification was the result of co-evolution with their hosts or the result of host jumps. To infer hypotheses about the evolutionary history of the Entorrhizales, divergence times were estimated and plant-fungal tanglegrams calculated. Relaxed molecular clock analyses suggest that the Entorrhizomycota originated around the Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic and diverged during the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene into the extant orders Entorrhizales and Talbotiomycetales. The split of the major lineages within the Entorrhizales took place in the Eocene, somewhat later than the divergence of the host families Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Topology-and distance-based co-phylogenetic analyses of the fungi and their hosts revealed a large number of co-speciation and lineage sorting events in early fungal speciation, which resulted in a phylogenetic split corresponding to species infecting Cyperaceae or Juncaceae. Given that this split is congruent with spore differences, Entorrhiza s. str. is emended for species infecting hosts in the Cyperaceae, and a new genus Juncorrhiza is described for species restricted to hosts in the Juncaceae. Additionally, three new species are described: Entorrhiza fuirenae, Juncorrhiza maritima and J. oxycarpi.
“…The latter fact suggests that Entorrhizales are probably host species specific like many biotrophic pathogens (e.g. Lutz et al 2008;Choi et al 2011;Beenken et al 2012;Piątek et al 2013aPiątek et al , b, 2016Rouxel et al 2013;Mardones et al 2017;Ziegler et al 2018;Kruse et al 2018). Therefore, further splitting of polyphagous species, especially Juncorrhiza casparyana reported from 17 host plants (Vánky 2012), may increase the number of species in this order.…”
Section: Hidden Diversity In the Entorrhizalesmentioning
Fungi belonging to the Entorrhizales (Entorrhizomycota) comprise biotrophic pathogens associated with roots of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae plant species. They are nearly globally distributed but rarely studied due to a hidden lifestyle without causing visible effects on host plants. Therefore, the evolutionary origin and phylogenetic relationships of the group are still poorly understood and it is not known whether species diversification was the result of co-evolution with their hosts or the result of host jumps. To infer hypotheses about the evolutionary history of the Entorrhizales, divergence times were estimated and plant-fungal tanglegrams calculated. Relaxed molecular clock analyses suggest that the Entorrhizomycota originated around the Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic and diverged during the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene into the extant orders Entorrhizales and Talbotiomycetales. The split of the major lineages within the Entorrhizales took place in the Eocene, somewhat later than the divergence of the host families Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Topology-and distance-based co-phylogenetic analyses of the fungi and their hosts revealed a large number of co-speciation and lineage sorting events in early fungal speciation, which resulted in a phylogenetic split corresponding to species infecting Cyperaceae or Juncaceae. Given that this split is congruent with spore differences, Entorrhiza s. str. is emended for species infecting hosts in the Cyperaceae, and a new genus Juncorrhiza is described for species restricted to hosts in the Juncaceae. Additionally, three new species are described: Entorrhiza fuirenae, Juncorrhiza maritima and J. oxycarpi.
“…S3 ). A recently reported 28 nrLSU sequence of Phyllachora graminis , the type species of the genus, was included in this analysis.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 5 The majority consensus tree of Bayesian phylogenetic inference of the nrDNA ITS sequences of Cryptophyllachora specimens (Table S2 ) together with an ITS sequence, KF436258, from GenBank, which is currently the only sequence in GenBank with >87% similarity to C. eurasiatica and C. ambrosiae ITS sequences, and representative ITS sequences from the Phyllachorales published by Mardones et al . 28 . Strain or specimen designations and accession numbers are shown in parentheses for sequences obtained from GenBank.…”
A little known, unculturable ascomycete, referred to as Phyllachora ambrosiae, can destroy the inflorescences of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, an invasive agricultural weed and producer of highly allergenic pollen. The fungus often remains undetectable in ragweed populations. This work was conducted to understand its origin and pathogenesis, a prerequisite to consider its potential as a biocontrol agent. The methods used included light and transmission electron microscopy, nrDNA sequencing, phylogenetic analyses, artificial inoculations, and the examination of old herbarium and recent field specimens from Hungary, Korea, Ukraine and USA. The Eurasian and the North American specimens of this fungus were to represent two distinct, although closely related lineages that were only distantly related to other lineages within the Ascomycota. Consequently, we describe a new genus that includes Cryptophyllachora eurasiatica gen. et sp. nov. and C. ambrosiae comb. nov., respectively. The pathogenesis of C. eurasiatica was shown in A. artemisiifolia. No evidence was found for either seed-borne transmission or systemic infection. Two hypotheses were developed to explain the interaction between C. eurasiatica and A. artemisiifolia: (i) as yet undetected seed-borne transmissions and latent, systemic infections; or (ii) alternative hosts.
“…DNA extraction and PCR protocols followed the procedure described by Mardones et al (2017). Three partial nuclear gene regions (two ribosomal loci and one protein-coding gene) were amplified and sequenced: a fragment of the large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrLSU) with primers NL1 and NL4 (O'Donnell 1993), the complete internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) with primers ITS5 and ITS4 (White et al 1990), and a fragment of the translation elongation factor 1 (TEF1) with primers EF1-983f (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and EF1-2218r (Rehner and Buckley 2005).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Phylogenetic analyses were conducted applying maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods and followed the procedures outlined by Mardones et al (2017). Data were partitioned by gene and by codon position in the case of the protein-coding sequences.…”
Based on new specimens of Myriogenospora spp. from Costa Rica and Panama, we present morphological analyses, systematic conclusions, additions to host ranges, and geographical distribution data for the two species currently classified in this genus. Myriogenospora atramentosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Diehl differs from Myriogenospora linearis (Rehm) J.F. White & Glenn in the ascus and part-spore morphology, a different position in the molecular phylogeny, and the host range. We conclude that the two species are not congeneric and propose that M. linearis should be called Balansia linearis (Rehm) Diehl.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
