An overview on avian influenza

Abstract

Avian influenza (AI) is considered an exotic disease in the Brazilian poultry industry, according to the National Avian Health Program (PNSA), with permanent monitoring of domestic, exotic and native avian species. Brazil presents privileged environmental conditions of reduced risk. In addition, all commercial poultry and conservation holdings are registered in state or national inventories and geographically located (GPS) for health control. Poultry health standards are adopted for the conformity to the international market, mostly for the intensified poultry destined for exportation, but also for companion exotic and native conservation facilities. Guidelines for monitoring and the diagnosis of AI are published by the PNSA and follow the standards proposed by the international health code (World Organization for Animal Health, Organization International des Epizooties - OIE) and insure the free of status for avian influenza virus (AIV) of LPAIV-low pathogenicity AIV and HPAIV-high pathogenicity AIV. In addition, the infections by mesogenic and velogenic Newcastle disease virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae and M. meleagridis, Salmonella enteric subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are eradicated from reproduction. Controlled infections by S.enterica subspecies enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are monitored for breeders. The vaccination of chickens in ovo or at hatch against Marek's disease is mandatory. Broiler production is an indoor activity, confinement which insures biosecurity, with safe distances from the potential AIV reservoir avian species. Worldwide HPAIV H5N1 notifications to the OIE, in March 2011, included 51 countries

Prevention of Avian Influenza Virus by Ultraviolet Radiation and Prediction of Outbreak by Satellite Parameters

“…Year of minimal average daily sunspot area [12] Virus subtype [27] Host [15] As recently as the 1950s, there were an estimated 5000 Baiji living in China's Yangtze River. Two years later, after a broad survey failed to find a single animal, the species was declared "functionally extinct."…”

Comparing the economic effects of climate change and zooanthroponosis in Korea: Prerequisites for the creative economy?

“…Avian Flu is another zooanthroponosis case. AI was estimated to have caused a US$150-200 billion loss in the US, or a 3% loss in the GDP of the originating country (Smith, 2005;Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins, 2012).…”

“…The same study estimated a 0.5% loss in GDP worldwide. Another study showed a 2% GDP loss in East Asia from AI (Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins, 2012). For AI, the World Bank has estimated a 0.6%-2% loss in GDP and loss of US$800 billion worldwide Wilson, 2010a).…”

Seroprevalence of avian influenza (H9N2) in broiler chickens in Northwest of Iran

“…Influenza type A viruses can be classified into high pathogenic and low pathogenic viruses [1] . They are categorized into several subtypes, based on their surface antigens, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA).…”

“…They are categorized into several subtypes, based on their surface antigens, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). 16 HA (H1-H16) and 9 NA (N1-N9) subtypes are known, and their combinations make different subtypes [1] . Influenza viruses have been isolated from different host species, including mammals and birds [2] .…”