Prevention of Avian Influenza Virus by Ultraviolet Radiation and Prediction of Outbreak by Satellite Parameters

Abstract

The present study showed that avian influenza virus (AIV) occurred in the regions with rice and wheat productions under low ultraviolet (UV) radiation while there were negligible AIV outbreaks in the regions with a high rate of skin cancer due to extensive UV radiation. It is therefore proposed that having artificial UV radiation with poultry farmhouses is a simple solution to suppress AIV outbreaks. AIV outbreaks can be predicted a few months in advance by remote sensing satellite parameters such as Cosmos (minimum sunspot number, 10.7 cm solar flux, high UV radiation), Poles (CO 2 , O 3 hole deterioration, hydroxyl layer temperature, ice-melting, chlorophyll or algae, krill, penguin, guillemot), and Continents (migratory birds, desert dust, low UV radiation, waters, fish, rice and wheat, climate). Since there was an abrupt 2% rise of global CO 2 emissions in 2017, while the minimum sunspot number is simultaneously reached at the end of 2018, there can be an extensive UV radiation for mutant AIV in the Poles to have the highest degree of damage by AIV in regions such as U.

Transmission and Suppression of Avian Influenza Virus

“…Major aeolian dust events arise from the Sahara and Sahel deserts ("African dust"), the Australian deserts ("Australian dust"), and the Taklamakan and Gobi deserts and the Loess plateau ("Asian dust") ( Table 1 suggests that, 1) Antarctica and the Arctic have the largest surface areas of deserts in the world, which can be one of the reasons why such regions are regarded as the sources of AIV, as proposed by Kim [4]. It was revealed that habitat type influenced bacterial community of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria in lithobionts and surface soils from Antarctica [15].…”

“…Krill feed on algae while penguins feed on krill, fish, and squid. Since penguins might have starved due to the collapse of huge icebergs in the Antarctic Peninsula in 1995, it is possible that AIV carried by penguins may have been expressed due to the lack of self immunity and transmitted to the migratory birds for Continental infections (China and Mexico) of AIV in 1995 [4].…”

“…As seen in Figure 2, the possible control steps can be migratory birds, reservoirs, enviroments, and poultry farmhouses, which are almost impossible to mitigate due to wide ranges of covering areas and hosts. However, AIV can be easily suppressed if the target area is limited to the poultry farmhouse and working personnel, equipped with artificial UV-B radiation facilities without harming poultry inside farmhouses, which can be maintained by the air purifier to remove the aeolian dust carrying AIV and the UV-B lamp (254 nm) for sterilization of AIV in inlet air and drinking water [4]. Entrance gates of farmhouses may be installed with the clean room similar to the factories of semiconductor chips to avoid the AIV penetration into the poultry farmhouses.…”

“…Removal of aeolian dusts from the inside of poultry farmhouses is important to control AIV transmission and infection. Kim [4] proposed that ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an efficient measure to suppress the outbreak of AIV. Viruses are the most abundant biological particles in the sea and are thought to play an important role in the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems.…”

“…Viruses are the most abundant biological particles in the sea and are thought to play an important role in the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Penguins, as birds, can have a weak immunity to the mutant virus due to a shortage of algae beneath the ice in winter, especially during the period of the minimal sunspot number with strong UV radiation and warm air surface temperature [4]. Such a weak penguin infected by mutant virus can generate and hold LPAI to be transmitted to the Continents via migratory birds.…”