“…al, 2013). Studies report that those losses are linked to physiological brain damage, such as morphological alterations in dopaminergic synapses, and a reduction of metabolic activity and cerebral volume, especially on the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral portions of the prefrontal cortex (Viola et al, 2012;Cunha Bechara, de Andrade, & Nicastri, 2010;Boys, Marsden, & Strang, 2001). These physiological alterations, mostly on the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral portions of the prefrontal cortex, explain cocaine/crack users' difficulties with attention, working memory, and processing speed as well as higher order executive functioning (EF) (Cunha et al, 2010;Kjome et al, 2010;Severston, von Thomsen, Hedden, & Latimer, 2010;Viola et al, 2012).…”