Las dictaduras de Vargas y Franco: implicaciones de la consagración de la maternidad para la enfermería

Abstract

RESUMEN:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características históricas y sociales de Brasil y España en el contexto de los regímenes dictatoriales instaurados por Vargas y Franco, y analizar las representaciones sobre la maternidad en el contexto de esos regímenes y sus implicaciones para la enfermería. Es un estudio histórico y social cuyo método consideró como fuentes: documentos escritos brasileños y españoles. La recolección de los datos se hizó en el período de 13 de mayo a 29 de agosto de 2008. Para el análisis se realizaron las etapas de organización y clasificación de las fuentes elegidas. Como resultado, se evidencio que la glorificación de la mujer por sus virtudes físicas como la maternidad y por sus atributos morales legitimó su inserción honorable en el espacio público, para reproducir en ese espacio, como enfermeras, las cualidades femeninas necesarias al cuidado. Se concluye que la consagración de la maternidad ha determinado posibilidades y límites para la enfermera. DESCRIPTORES:Enfermería. Historia de la enfermería. Enfermería obstétrica. Salud de la mujer. THE FRANCO AND VARGAS DICTATORSHIPS: IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONSECRATION OF MATERNITY FOR NURSINGABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe the historical and social characteristics of Brazil and Spain within the context of the Vargas and Franco dictatorial regimes and analyze representations about maternity therein, as well as their implications for nursing. This historical and social study contemplated Brazilian and Spanish written documents method as its primary sources. Data was collected from May 13 th to August 29 th , 2008. Data analysis included the organization and classification stages of the primary sources selected. As a result, it became clear that the glorification of women for their physical virtues, such as maternity, and for their moral attributes legitimated their honorable insertion in the public arena. Thus, as nurses, they were to reproduce the feminine qualities necessary for care in this same arena. The conclusion is the consecration of motherhood has determined possibilities and limits for nurse. DESCRIPTORS:Nursing. History of nursing. Obstetrical nursing. Women´s healthy. AS DITADURAS DE VARGAS E FRANCO: IMPLICAÇÕES DA CONSAGRAÇÃO DA MATERNIDADE PARA A ENFERMAGEMRESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características histórico-sociais do Brasil e da Espanha no contexto dos regimes ditatoriais instaurados por Vargas e Franco e analisar as representações sobre a maternidade no contexto desses regimes e suas implicações para a enfermagem. Estudo histórico-social cujo método contemplou como fontes: documentos escritos brasileiros e espanhóis. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no período de 13 de maio a 29 de agosto de 2008. A análise comportou as etapas de organização e classificação das fontes selecionadas. Como resultado, evidenciou-se que a glorificação da mulher por suas virtudes físicas como a maternidade e por seus atributos morais legitimou sua inserção honrosa no espaço público, ainda que para repr...

Childbirth care: the oral history of women who gave birth from the 1940s to 1980s

“…Even though, midwives, whether they had a degree or not, were also included on the hospital staff to assist in childbirth, physicians and nurses gradually replaced them in hospital birth. 13 There were 49 births in the studied period, 16 of which were assisted by midwives and, up to the 1960s, they took place at home. A total of 28 hospital births, out of 33, were assisted by physicians, especially among women from the 2 nd generation.…”

Mulheres para a Marinha do Brasil: recrutamento e seleção das primeiras oficiais enfermeiras (1980-1981)

“…7 Candidates approved in the first phase of the exam were ranked according to their test score. The written Communication and Expres-sion test involved an essay, of relative weight 1, corresponding to 50 points on a scale from zero to 100, the minimum score for approval.…”

“…8 Women do not always realize that, by accepting this prohibition, they contribute to ratify male dominance, which is the product of the incorporation of power relations. 7 Nevertheless, the incorporation of the military habitus contributed to the institutionalization of an identity as nursing officer of the Brazilian navy, through the use of signs external to the body (emblems and uniform), together with incorporated signs (learning of military behavior). 13 Besides disciplining the body, military standards and regulations result in suffering, considering the representation that their inescapable compliance makes the military seem uncommon people, distinct from others.…”