Enfermeiras brasileiras na retaguarda da Segunda Guerra Mundial: repercussões dessa participação

Abstract

Estudo histórico-social, cujos objetivos foram descrever as circunstâncias da mobilização e da desmobilização das enfermeiras brasileiras que atuaram na Segunda Guerra Mundial, e discutir a eficácia simbólica da participação dessas enfermeiras no campo militar. Utilizou-se como fontes de dados os documentos escritos coletados em arquivos históricos civis e militares do Rio de Janeiro; entrevista realizada com uma enfermeira que atuou na Força Expedicionária Brasileira; além de uma fotografia pertencente ao Acervo da Força Expedicionária Brasileira. Os achados, classificados, contextualizados e analisados à luz da Teoria do Mundo Social de Pierre Bourdieu, evidenciaram que a participação de mulheres na guerra, na condição de enfermeiras militares, ao tempo em que representou a ocupação de um espaço homologado por mandatários do poder, também contribuiu para consagrar a inserção de mulheres em espaços públicos consagrados aos homens, ainda que na retaguarda.

Enfermeiras diplomadas para a aeronáutica: a organização de um quadro militar para a Segunda Guerra Mundial

“…Laís Netto dos Reys decided not to attend to the army's request though, due to the vague stance about the military position and the low pay the FEB offered, which she considered unsatisfactory. 12 One of the nurses who accompanied the army expressed this situation: "I found out that the army contacted the Dean's office at Anny Nery School to constitute the nursing staff (of the FEB). No agreement was reached, because the Dean's office wanted the nurses to participate as officers, which the Ministry of War did not accept".…”

“…Initially, this was not the case for the group who accompanied the Army to the war, which was named 3 rd class, that is, without the function of officers and the rights inherent to this condition. [12][13][14] The procedures related to the distinguished treatment of the Air Force nurses certainly happened in function of the valuation of their degrees (institutionalized cultural capital, according to Bourdieu) 16 , which did not only formally guarantee the enhancement of a specific competence, but also determined the occupation of prestigious positions in the military context, considering that the official differences among educational degrees tend to produce or strengthen people's belief in the naturalization of these differences. Thus, the institutionalized cultural capital transforms the representation people establish about themselves and the behaviors they believe they are obliged to adopt in order to adjust to that representation, which was further enhanced by the cultural practices that were naturally imposed on the ANS students, with the signature of the "Anna Nery standard".…”

Mulheres para a Marinha do Brasil: recrutamento e seleção das primeiras oficiais enfermeiras (1980-1981)

“…7 Nevertheless, the incorporation of the military habitus contributed to the institutionalization of an identity as nursing officer of the Brazilian navy, through the use of signs external to the body (emblems and uniform), together with incorporated signs (learning of military behavior). 13 Besides disciplining the body, military standards and regulations result in suffering, considering the representation that their inescapable compliance makes the military seem uncommon people, distinct from others. The Navy both suggested and sought this stereotype when it selected and indoctrinated these women during the adaptation course.…”

The selection of nurses for the military officer of the military police of the Rio de Janeiro State (1994): historical research

“…En ese proceso, se buscaba atestar el comportamiento social previo de las candidatas, procurando garantizar la observancia de atributos que fuesen condecentes con las expectativas de la Fuerza [11][12] . Por tanto, el éxito en el concurso colocaría las candidatas en una posición distinta y distinguida, una vez que conferiría visibilidad no solamente a su capital profesional, sino también a su capital social 13 .…”