Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia production

Ferrarezi, Rhuanito Soranz; Iersel, Marc W. van; Testezlaf, Roberto

doi:10.1590/s0102-05362014000300013

Cited by 17 publications

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“…Considering that this commercial nursery presented an average annual production of 300,000 seedlings, the total annual loss of nutrient solution was 221.8 m 3 . The results obtained confirmed the low efficiency of the manual overhead irrigation and the need for technological innovation, focusing both in the development of new irrigation equipment such as ebb-and-flow subirrigation systems (FERRAREZI et al, 2015) and improved irrigation management practices using soil moisture sensors (FERRAREZI et al, 2013). However, it is important to note that our results underestimated the efficiency since not all the components of the mass or volume balances were included -only the most representative ones.…”

Section: Assessed Parameterssupporting

confidence: 71%

Method to evaluate the efficiency of manual overhead irrigation in citrus rootstock liner production

et al. 2016

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Brazil produces grafted citrus seedlings in closed screen houses to reduce pest and disease incidence. Irrigation is usually performed by hand using either breaker nozzles or drilled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe wands on garden hoses. Rootstocks are produced in cone-shaped containers filled with soilless potting mix. Since the containers have a small upper diameter, nutrient solution capture is reduced with the potential to cause environmental contamination from inefficient fertigation. This study provides a method to assess the efficiency of manual overhead irrigation systems used in liner production. The method consists of determining both the volume of water applied and volume lost (i.e., directly and by percolation) in order to obtain an estimate of the percentage of water loss, irrigation efficiency, and the drainage fraction. The method was tested in a commercial facility under standard production practices. The method's attributes included simplicity, quick sampling and data collection, and accuracy. The evaluated nursery was found to have low irrigation efficiency (27.14%) and excessive nutrient solution losses (72.86%). Considering an average production of 300,000 liners per year on 20,000 m 2 , we determined an annual solution loss of 221.8 m 3 with an average environmental release of 158.9 kg of fertilizer. Therefore, more efficient irrigation systems are necessary for sustainable citrus rootstock liners production.

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Section: Assessed Parameterssupporting

confidence: 71%

Method to evaluate the efficiency of manual overhead irrigation in citrus rootstock liner production

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“…Greenhouse operations traditionally use large quantities of irrigation water and fertilizer to maximize plant growth, product quality, and profits (Conover and Poole, 1992). Irrigation frequency is typically based on a predetermined schedule or visual evaluation of plant water status (Ferrarezi et al, 2014), and this may lead to overwatering, which causes leaching and runoff. The release of water and nutrients from greenhouses results in surface and groundwater contamination and may contribute to eutrophication and environmental degradation (Majsztrik et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

An Automated System for Monitoring Soil Moisture and Controlling Irrigation Using Low-cost Open-source Microcontrollers

Ferrarezi¹,

Dove²,

Iersel³

2015

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Substrate volumetric water content (VWC) is a useful measurement for automated irrigation systems. We have previously developed automated irrigation controllers that use capacitance sensors and dataloggers to supply plants with on-demand irrigation. However, the dataloggers and accompanying software used to build and program those controllers make these systems expensive. Relatively new, low-cost open-source microcontrollers provide an alternative way to build sensor-based irrigation controllers for both agricultural and domestic applications. We designed and built an automated irrigation system using a microcontroller, capacitance soil moisture sensors, and solenoid valves. This system effectively monitored and controlled VWC over a range of irrigation thresholds (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 m3.m−3) with ‘Panama Red’ hibiscus (Hibiscus acetosella) in a peat:perlite substrate. The microcontroller can be used with both regular 24-V alternating current (AC) solenoid valves and with latching 6- to 18-V direct current (DC) solenoid valves. The technology is relatively inexpensive (microcontroller and accessories cost $107, four capacitance soil moisture sensors cost $440, and four solenoid valves cost $120, totaling $667) and accessible. The irrigation controller required little maintenance over the course of a 41-day trial. The low cost of this irrigation controller makes it useful in many horticultural settings, including both research and production.

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“…O número de ramos determinados para os dois tratamentos ao final do experimento não foi significativamente diferente entre os dois tratamentos (p>0,05). Esses resultados estão de acordo com Ferrarezi et al (2013), que provaram que valores crescentes de CVA proporcionaram maior desenvolvimento vegetal na produção de porta-enxertos cítricos. Provavelmente o efeito negativo da variação de umidade e possível ocorrência de hipoxia na fotossíntese, também foi prejudicial para o desenvolvimento vegetal (PISICCHIO et al, 2010e VAN IERSEL et al, 2010, resultando na ausência de diferenças entre os tratamentos para algumas variáveis.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Medições contínuas da taxa de trocas gasosas de carbono por períodos prolongados também tornam possível a determinação do momento de ocorrência do efeito dos tratamentos, o que é, em geral, difícil de detectar por técnicas tradicionais como determinação da massa seca acumulada ou medidas pontuais de fotossíntese nas folhas ( VAN IERSEL e KANG, 2002). A subirrigação, técnica difundida no exterior e pouco utilizada em sistemas de cultivo em ambiente protegido no Brasil, utiliza o princípio de capilaridade para realizar o umedecimento dos substratos (FERRAREZI et al, 2014). Esse sistema de irrigação aplica água na base dos recipientes de cultivo, possibilitando nutrição adequada das plantas, reutilização de solução nutritiva e redução do descarte de soluções ricas em nutrientes no solo das estufas, o que elimina a contaminação de lençóis freáticos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Ferrarezi et al (2015) cultivaram hibiscos (Hibiscus acetosella 'Panama Red') e Ferrarezi et al (2014) produziram sálvia (Salvia splendens `Vista Red`) em um sistema automatizado baseado em valores mínimos de umidade do substrato para acionamento da subirrigação. Esses autores observaram maior variação da umidade quando o valor usado para acionamento foi de 0,1 m 3 m -3 comparado com valores maiores que 0,42 m 3 m -3 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Uso da subirrigação para imposição de estresse hídrico em sistema semi-contínuo para medição de CO2

Ferrarezi

Iersel

Testezlaf

2015

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Uso da subirrigação para imposição de estresse hídrico em sistema semi-contínuo para medição de CO 2(1) RHUANITO SORANZ FERRAREZI (2) *, MARC W. VAN IERSEL (2) e ROBERTO TESTEZLAF (3) RESUMO Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos de valores distintos de umidade do substrato para acionamento da subirrigação sobre a fotossíntese e o crescimento de plantas de sálvia e avaliar a viabilidade do uso da subirrigação em pesquisas relacionadas à imposição de estresse hídrico nessa cultura. Os tratamentos foram dois conteúdos volumétricos de água (CVA, 0,2 e 0,4 m 3 m -3 ) para acionamento da subirrigação, com quatro repetições. Cada repetição era composta por 10 plantas. Utilizou-se um sistema automatizado semi-contínuo para medição de CO 2 com múltiplas câmaras de cultivo, com sensores capacitivos para o monitoramento contínuo da umidade no substrato. A subirrigação com solução nutritiva foi realizada manualmente quando o CVA atingia valores abaixo dos pré-estabelecidos. Os valores médios de fotossíntese líquida, ganho de carbono por dia e eficiência do uso de carbono em ambos os tratamentos reduziram ao longo do tempo, de 2 para 1,1 μmol s -1 , 2,2 para 1 μmol d -1 e de 0,7 para 0,45 mol mol -1, respectivamente. A massa seca total da parte aérea (p=0,0129), a altura da parte aérea na ponta da flor mais alta (p<0,0001) e a área foliar total (p=0,0007) foram estatisticamente superiores no tratamento 0,4 m 3 m -3 . O uso da subirrigação nesse experimento não permitiu a imposição do estresse hídrico, pois houve variação excessiva no valor do CVA após as irrigações, em ambos os tratamentos. O tratamento com valor mais elevado de umidade ocasionou resposta positiva no crescimento das plantas de sálvia cultivadas por subirrigação. Palavras-chave: Salvia splendens 'Vista Rose', estresse hídrico, fotossíntese, sensores de umidade. ABSTRACT Use of subirrigation for water stress imposition in a semi-continuous CO 2 -exchange systemThe objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of distinct moisture contents to trigger subirrigation on salvia photosynthesis and plant growth, and to verify the feasibility of subirrigation use in water stress imposition research in this crop. We evaluated two substrate volumetric water contents (VWC) as treatments (0.2 and 0.4 m 3 m -3 ) to trigger subirrigation, with 4 replications. Each replication was composed of 10 plants. An automated semi-continuous multi-chamber crop CO 2 -exchange system was used, with capacitance soil moisture sensors for continuous moisture monitoring. Manual subirrigation with nutrient solution was performed when VWC dropped below the thresholds. In both treatments, the values of net photosynthesis, daily carbon gain and carbon use efficiency reduced over time, from 2 to 1.1 µmol s -1 from 2.2 to 1 µmol d -1 from 0.7 to 0.45 mol mol -1 , respectively, in both soil moisture treatments. Total shoot dry mass (p=0.0129), shoot height in the tip of the highest flower (p<0.0001) and total leaf area (p=0.0007) were statistically higher at 0.4 m 3 m -3 tr...

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Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia production

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Method to evaluate the efficiency of manual overhead irrigation in citrus rootstock liner production

Method to evaluate the efficiency of manual overhead irrigation in citrus rootstock liner production

An Automated System for Monitoring Soil Moisture and Controlling Irrigation Using Low-cost Open-source Microcontrollers

Uso da subirrigação para imposição de estresse hídrico em sistema semi-contínuo para medição de CO2

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