Notas sistemáticas sobre Brassolinae: I. Tribos (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Abstract

Mirna l\1artins Cl'iagrande 2ABSTRACT. Sn-r"MATIC NOT"S AIIOI '1 BKASSOLlNAE. I. TKIIl"S (L"PII)(WI'''KA.Nnll'IIALlIlA"). A revis.:d dassificalion for lhe Neolrorical suhfamily Brassolinae hased on the ll1orphological sludy of seventy six of lhe eighty one kn<)w species (STI("II"1. 1932). divickd the suhfall1ily in lwolrihes. according lo lhe following lisl: Brassolini Boisduval. IX36 induding f,)rteen gene..,,, Bmssnlis Fahricius. I X07 (Iype genus): Coligo Hiihner. I XII}.

Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) from two forest fragments in northern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

“…The determination of species was accomplished with the use of specialized bibliography (Le Moult and Real 1962;D'Abrera 1981;Ackery and VaneWright 1984;D'Abrera 1984;Otero 1986;D'Abrera 1987a;Ackery 1988;Blandin 1988;D'Abrera 1988;Brown Jr. 1992;Blandin 1993;D'Abrera 1994;Mielke 1994;Casagrande 1995;D'Abrera 1995;Canals 2003), or by comparison to those already deposited in the Collection of the Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology (Giovenardi et al 2008).…”

Evaluating the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Brassolini genera (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

“…Recent phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the Brassolini constitutes a monophyletic group (Brower, 2000; Freitas & Brown, 2004; Peña et al , 2006), which is not surprising given the past 170 years of research (e.g. Boisduval, 1836; Stichel, 1904; Fruhstorfer, 1912; Ehrlich, 1958; Ackery, 1988; Casagrande, 1995). The DNA‐based cladistic analysis by Peña et al (2006) examined a broader sample of taxa within the Satyrinae, Brassolini, Morphini and Amathusiini than ever before, thus strengthening the support for the Brassolini as a natural group, and suggesting that these three tribes are basal lineages within the Satyrinae.…”

“…Some adult characters present in Bia conflict with the traditional diagnosis for the Brassolini, whereas others are homoplasious. The following character state combination has been used to define the Brassolini: (1) closed hindwing discal cell; (2) absence of swollen veins; and (3) presence of a hindwing precostal cell (Casagrande, 1995). Freitas & Brown (2004) showed that the ‘closed hindwing discal cell’ is highly homoplasious within Nymphalidae, being gained independently and lost in various nodes of their tree.…”

“…Early‐stage characters used traditionally to support the definition of the Brassolini are found in other nymphalid groups. Casagrande (1995) listed three early‐stage characters that complement her adult‐based definition of the Brassolini: (1) monocotyledonous food plants; (2) presence of head scoli; and (3) presence of a bifid anal plate (= caudae or tails). All of these characters occur in some ‘satyroid’ lineages, and also in other nymphalid subfamilies (e.g.…”

“…An extensive body of systematic literature exists concerning brassolines (see Stichel, 1904 and Casagrande, 1995 for references to early works), but the contributions of four authors are of particular significance. The classifications by Stichel (1904, 1909, 1925, 1932), Fruhstorfer (1912), Miller (1968) and Casagrande (1982, 1995, 2002, 2004) provided the framework upon which all recent studies are based, including that presented here. Hand‐drawn trees based on classifications by Fruhstorfer (1912), Stichel (1932), Miller (1968) and Casagrande (1995, 2004) are shown in Fig.…”