Efficacy of Citrus reticulata and Mirazid in treatment of Schistosoma mansoni

Abstract

This work has been carried out to investigate the effect ofCurrent control of the disease by chemotherapeutic agents is impractical because of the common occurrence of re-infection after treatment due to the relative resistance of the larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni to schistosomicide drugs (Silva et al. 2003). Praziquantel, the currently used drug for chemotherapeutic control, was reported to induce hemorrhage in the lung tissue of the host (Flisser & McLaren 1989) The present study is a trial to clarify the antischistosomal effect of C. reticulata root extract compared to commiphora extract (Mirazid). Enzyme markers for different cell organelles were measured in liver of S. mansoni infected mice; succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) for mitochondria; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and its isoenzymes for cytoplasm; glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) for microsomes; acid phosphatase (AP) for lysosomes and 5'-nucleotidase for plasma membrane. Liver function enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also measured. Parasitological studies through ova count and worm burden will take into consideration. MATERIALS AND METHODSChemicals -All chemicals used in the present study were of high analytical grade, products of Sigma (US), Merck (Germany), BDH (England).Mirazid (the oleo-resin extract from Myrrh of C. molmol tree, family: Burseraceae) is a product of Pharco Pharmaceutical Company, Egypt.Animals -The animals used were intact male Swiss albino mice of CDI strain of similar age (8 weeks) and weight (18-20 g). They were obtained from Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt. Animals were kept in a controlled environment and were maintained on water and stock commercial pellet diet ad libitum.Plant material -C. reticulata (Family: Rutaceae) roots were collected from Modereyet El Tahrir, Behera, Egypt. It was authenticated by Dr Mohamed Abdel Ghaffar, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Egypt. A voucher specimen is deposited at Chemistry of Natural Compounds Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.Extraction and isolation -Air dried powered roots of C. reticulata (0.85 kg) were extracted with 80% ethyl alcohol. The ethanolic extract was evaporated and the aqueous residue extracted sequentially thrice with equal volumes of n-hexane, ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate extract was evaporated to dryness. The residue monitored by TLC using precoated silica gel 60 F254 aluminium sheets (0.2 mm thickness, Merk), was found to + Corresponding

Biomphalaria alexandrina snails as immunogens against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice

“…The present study recorded a significant decrease in SDH activity in S. mansoni-infected mice. This is in agreement with the studies by Hamed and Hetta (2005) and Bashtar et al (2006), which found the same results in bilharzial infection associated Schistosoma toxins that accumulate with the mitochondrial fraction and affect the enzyme activity. SDH is the marker enzyme of the mitochondria (el Gowhary 1993), so any changes in the enzyme activity would be accompanied by changes in the mitochondria.…”

“…LDH 5 's role in anaerobic glycolysis is reduced and this reduction may explain the false higher contribution of LDH 1 and LDH 2 , which are involved in aerobic respiration. This is confirmed by the study of Hamed and Hetta (2005). In addition, Maly and Toranelli (1993) found that H-monomer is supposed to be principally in-volved in the oxidation of lactate and should therefore be predominant in tissues with a high oxygen supply.…”

“…Because G-6-Pase is usually located here, it is considered a microsomal marker enzyme. This alteration in the endoplasmic reticulum leads to elevation of cytosolic calcium, which can trigger the conversion of phosphorylase b (inactive form) to phosphorylase a (active form); phosphorylase a degrades glycogen into glucose (Hamed & Hetta 2005).…”

Potency of detergents in enhancing Schistosoma mansoni tegumental antigens

“…Succinate [23,25]. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibition was found to be in the direction of lactate oxidation; therefore, lactate was accumulated and glycogen depleted, which confirms the inhibition of aerobic respiration and the stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis [26].…”

“…In addition, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides catabolism were also increased, leading to the activation of 5`-nucleotidase, which plays a major role in nucleic acid catabolism. The increased catabolism stimulated the active transport and phagocytosis processes, leading to further activation of 5`-nucleotidase through the plasma membrane where the enzyme is usually localized [23].…”