"Multiplex PCR" identification of the atypical and monophasic Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- in São Paulo State, Brazil: frequency and antibiotic resistance patterns

Abstract

Salmonella spp. are the etiologic agents of salmonellosis, a worldwide spread zoonoses causing foodborne outbreaks and clinical diseases. By serological identification, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- accounted for 8.8% of human and 1.6% of nonhuman Salmonella strains isolated in São Paulo State, during 1991-2000. A total of 28.6% of them amplified a fragment corresponding to H:1,2 (flagellar phase two) through PCR analysis and were further assigned as S. Typhimurium. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 36.3% of the 369 PCR-negative strains tested, including the multiresistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin.

Pork Contaminated with Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:−, an Emerging Health Risk for Humans

“…Within the last years S. enterica serovar 4, [5],12:i:Ϫ has increasingly been implicated in human disease worldwide (1,10,24,25). Recently, larger outbreaks caused by this serovar have been reported from Luxembourg and the United States (5,19).…”

Salmonella enterica Serotype 4,5,12:i:−, an Emerging Salmonella Serotype That Represents Multiple Distinct Clones

“…Salmonella serotype 4,5,12:i:Ϫ was the sixth most common Salmonella serotype among cases of human disease in the United States in 2006 (10) and the fourth most common serotype among human isolates in Spain in 1998 (18). Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella serotype 4,5,12:i:Ϫ among human cases has increased considerably in many countries in the world over the last 10 years (9,10,18,29,36). This Salmonella serotype has also been responsible for a number of human salmonellosis outbreaks over the last decades, including in Spain (1998), the United States (2004 and 2007), and Luxemburg (2006).…”

Characterization ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium and MonophasicSalmonellaSerovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- Isolates in Thailand

“…It seemed possible that the high proportion of serovar 1,4, [5],12:i:-might result from the undetected of flagella phase by using serology. There was a study using PCR to amplify the gene encoding flagella, and these researchers found that a number of serovar 1,4, [5],12:i:-isolates were positively amplified for this gene (19). We found that all tested isolates of this serovar yielded the band of mdh gene that specific to serovar Typhimurium.…”