Photoparoxysmal responses

Muszkat, Mauro; Guimarães, Rosana M.; Silva, Ademir B. da; Campos, Carlos José Reis de

doi:10.1590/s0004-282x1990000300006

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…The prevalence of the PPR was 75% in females, 35 nearly the same as the 72% in another study. 36…”

Section: Variables Of Pprsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Based on experience, the present reviewer would emphasize that the most effective flicker frequencies have been multiples of 3, possibly because the basic frequency of the (irregular) bilateral spike and wave complexes is usually near 3/sec. Therefore, the conclusion of Topalkara et al 40 that 15–18 Hz was the most epileptogenic is consistent, as is the 18 Hz mentioned by another group 41 or the 15–20 Hz 42 or 20–24 Hz 35 from other investigators. The red-blue alternating colors were used at the frequency of 12 Hz by 2 different Japanese groups after the Pokemon event.…”

Section: Variables Of Pprsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…In three fourths of patients with a PPR, clinical seizures were reported in the history and in nearly one half the resting recordings showed generalized spike and wave complexes. 35…”

Section: Seizures Associated With Pprmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Photoparoxysmal Response: The Probable Cause of Attacks during Video Games

Hughes

2008

Clin EEG Neurosci

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Photic stimulation is part of a typical EEG in most countries, especially to check on the photoparoxysmal response (PPR). Interest in this response was enhanced in 1997 when hundreds of Japanese children had attacks while viewing a TV cartoon called "Pokemon." The overall prevalence of the PPR among patients requiring an EEG is approximately 0.8%, but 1.7% in children and 8.87% in patients with epilepsy, more often in Caucasians and females. Autosomal dominant inheritance is indicated, and this response is seen especially at the wavelength of 700 nm or at the flicker frequency of 15-18 Hz. The PPR extending beyond the stimulus carries no increased risk of seizures. Prognosis is generally good, especially after 20 years of age. Attention to PPR has been increased with the advent of video games, and the evoked seizures from these games are likely a manifestation of photosensitive epilepsy. Drug therapy has emphasized valproic acid, but Levetiracetam has also been successful in eliminating the PPR.

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“…The prevalence of the PPR was 75% in females, 35 nearly the same as the 72% in another study. 36…”

Section: Variables Of Pprsupporting

confidence: 77%