Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to a deficiency of central catecholamines (CA) in cognitive, biochemical, and physical tests, and pharmaceutical intervention may have no effect if it is not accompanied by changes in the environment. The objective of our study was to test the hypothesis that central CA are responsible for the increase in speed reaction seen after physical activity (PA) and to measure the impact of high intensity PA on the sustained attention of 25 children diagnosed with ADHD consistent with the Disease Statistical Mental-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. It is possible that practicing sports assists in the management of the disorder. The children were divided between users (US) and non-users (NUS) of methylphenidate (MTP), and the groups were compared to evaluate the effect of the drug on cognition after PA. Post-exercise performance on Conner's Continuous Performance Test-II (CPT) was not affected by MTP, we observed significant improvements in response time, and we saw normalization in the impulsivity and vigilance measures. These results suggest that the improvements in cognition after physical effort are not CA dependent. Additionally, our results suggest that children's attention deficits can be minimized through PA irrespective of treatment with MTP. Additional studies are necessary to confirm that exercise mitigates the harmful symptoms of ADHD.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a definite behavioral pattern that might lead to performance problems in the social, educational, or work environments. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, the symptoms of ADHD were restricted to those associated with cognitive (attention deficit) and behavioral (hyperactivity/impulsivity) deficits, while deficient emotional self-regulation, a relevant source of morbidity, was left out. The etiology of it is complex, as its exact causes have not yet been fully elucidated. ADHD seems to arise from a combination of various genetic and environmental factors that alter the developing brain, resulting in structural and functional abnormalities. The aim of this paper was to review epigenetics and ADHD focused on how multidimensional mechanisms influence the behavioral phenotype.
This study investigated the performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia using Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT). The clinical groups were composed of 52 children with ADHD and 32 children with dyslexia. Performance in the CCPT was evaluated using ANCOVA to compare the clinical groups with the normative Brazilian sample. The ADHD group performed worse than the normative sample in almost all of the measurements, except for reaction time and response style. The dyslexia group scored higher on commissions, variability, perseverations and inconsistency in the reaction time over the six time blocks (Hit SE Block Change) than the children in the normative Brazilian sample. The ADHD and dyslexia groups differed in omission measurements, Hit RT SE, variability, perseverations, Hit RT Interstimulus Intervals (ISI) Change and Hit SE ISI Change. We thus found that the dyslexia group had specific deficit patterns, with greater response to non-target stimuli, greater perseveration and response variability, and difficulties in hit reaction time as the test progressed.Key words: Conners' Continuous Performance Test, child development, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disorders, dyslexia. REsumo O presente estudo investigou o desempenho de crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) e dislexia no Teste de Desempenho Contínuo de Conner (do inglês Conners' Continnuous Performance Test).Foram considerados dois grupos clínicos: 52 crianças com TDAH e 32 com dislexia. O desempenho no CCPT foi analisado por meio do teste ANCOVA, comparando os grupos clínicos com a amostra de normatização brasileira. O grupo TDAH teve pior desempenho que os controles em quase todas as medidas, exceto em medidas de tempo de reação e estilo de resposta. Já o grupo dislexia teve maiores escores em comissões, variabilidade, perseverações e inconsistência nas mudanças de tempo de reação no decorrer dos seis blocos de tempo (Hit SE Block Change). Os grupos TDAH e disléxicos diferiram entre si nas medidas de omissões, variabilidade do tempo de reação, perseverações, mudança de tempo de reação por intervalos interstimulus. Verificou-se assim que as crianças com dislexia apresentam padrões específicos de déficits, com maior resposta aos estímulos não alvos, maior perseveração e variabilidade de respostas, assim como dificuldades no tempo de reação conforme o desenvolvimento do teste.Palavras-Chave: Teste de Desempenho Contínuo de Conner, desenvolvimento infantil, transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, transtornos de aprendizagem, dislexia.
This study used eye tracking to explore attention allocation to human and dog faces in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typical development (TD). Significant differences were found among the three groups. TD participants looked longer at the eyes than ASD and ADHD ones, irrespective of the faces presented. In spite of this difference, groups were similar in that they looked more to the eyes than to the mouth areas of interest. The ADHD group gazed longer at the mouth region than the other groups. Furthermore, groups were also similar in that they looked more to the dog than to the human faces. The eye-tracking technology proved to be useful for behavioral investigation in different neurodevelopmental disorders.
O artigo analisa a relação da música com as neurociências, particularmente a organização cerebral das funções musicais. Os estudos de neuroimagem funcional revelam que a lateralização e a topografia da ativação cerebral durante o estímulo musical relacionam-se a múltiplos fatores, como familiaridade ao estímulo, estratégia cognitiva utilizada para o reconhecimento melódico, rítmico e tímbrico e mesmo treinamento musical prévio. A relação entre a música e as mudanças na atividade elétrica cerebral é sugerida a partir dos casos da chamada epilepsia musicogênica, das descrições das manifestações “musicais” de crises parciais psíquicas ou dos relatos anedóticos de mudanças dos padrões eletrencefalográficos interictais durante a audição de músicas de Mozart.
Com o objetivo de correlacionar o QI Estimado com o QI Total, quatro bancos de dados do WISC III de 207 crianças foram associados: 1) crianças com desenvolvimento típico; 2) crianças com diagnóstico do transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade; 3) crianças referenciadas por dificuldades de aprendizagem em consultório particular; e 4) crianças com sequela neurológica avaliadas em ambulatório universitário. Os dados do QI total foram correlacionados aos do QI estimado, correspondentes à soma dos pontos ponderados dos subtestes Vocabulário e Cubos. Os resultados sugerem que o QI Estimado pode ser adotado quando há restrição de tempo e quando o desempenho intelectual está sendo usado como triagem em pesquisa, ou como ponto de referência dentro de uma avaliação neuropsicológica.
-The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and neuropsychological findings in children with suspicion of attention deficity hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The assessment involved 150 children aged 7 to 14 referred to NANI at UNIFESP. Results: 75 children (55 M and 20 F) fulfilled the criteria for ADHD, among which 35 were of the inattentive type, 28 of combined type and 12 were hyperactive/impulsive. There was negative correlation between the digit score and the Corsi test. Children with hyperactivity and impulsivity had a low performance for functional memory. Children with oppositional defiant disorder presented pattern changes in adaptability when there was a change in the rhythm the stimuli were presented and lower adaptation to time variability (Hit RT), in addition to higher rates of omission in the continuous performance test. Conclusion: This study suggests multiple interrelations between the scores of neuropsychological battery useful for detailed delimitation of the clinical profile of children with ADHD.KEy woRDS: attention deficit disorder, children, hyperactivity, multidisciplinary, comorbities. perfil clínico e neuropsicológico de crianças com transtorno do deficit de atenção e hiperatividadeResumo -o objetivo deste trabalho foi delimitar indicadores clínicos e neuropsicológicos em crianças com suspeita de transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDA/H). Foram avaliadas 150 crianças (idade de 7 a 14 anos) encaminhados ao NANI da UNIFESP. Resultados: 75 crianças (55 M e 20 F) preenchiam os critérios para o TDA/H, dentre os quais 35 (46,6%) pacientes eram desatentos, 28 do tipo combinado e 12 do tipo hiperatividade/impulsivo. observou-se correlação negativa com o escore de dígitos e no escore do teste de Corsi. Crianças com hiperatividade e impulsividade apresentaram baixo desempenho nas funções relacionadas à memória operacional. Crianças com transtorno opositor desafiante apresentaram alterações nos padrões de adaptação às mudanças do ritmo com menor adaptação às variações do tempo de exposição aos estímulos (Hit RT), além de maiores taxas de omissão no teste contínuo de performance. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere múltiplas interrelacões entre os escores em provas neuropsicológicas que são úteis para uma delimitação do perfil clínico de crianças com TDAH.PAlAvRAS-CHAvE: transtorno do déficit de atenção, crianças, hiperatividade, multidisciplinar, comorbidades. The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, with an estimated occurrence of 3% to 5% in schooling children 1,2 . Such oscillation is partially due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the required criteria for a precise diagnosis, which involves neuropsychological aspects as well as the delimitation of organic and neurobiological bases 3,4 . Environmental risk factors are considered fundamental in epidemiological studies on ADHD because socio-demographic variables such as the number of siblings, educational level of the family, comorbities with neuropsy...
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