The Photoparoxysmal Response: The Probable Cause of Attacks during Video Games

Hughes, John R.

doi:10.1177/155005940803900106

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…In this review, the meaning is restricted to a neurological response to light, color or patterns. Several recent reviews are available 9–22 . The prior reviews are not systematic reviews and neither is this one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visually sensitive seizures: An updated review by the Epilepsy Foundation

et al. 2022

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Light flashes, patterns, or color changes can provoke seizures in up to 1 in 4000 persons. Prevalence may be higher because of selection bias. The Epilepsy Foundation reviewed light-induced seizures in 2005. Since then, images on social media, virtual reality, three-dimensional (3D) movies, and the Internet have proliferated. Hundreds of studies have explored the mechanisms and presentations of photosensitive seizures, justifying an updated review. This literature summary derives from a nonsystematic literature review via PubMed using the terms "photosensitive" and "epilepsy." The photoparoxysmal response (PPR) is an electroencephalography (EEG) phenomenon, and photosensitive seizures (PS) are seizures provoked by visual stimulation. Photosensitivity is more common in the young and in specific forms of generalized epilepsy. PS can coexist with spontaneous seizures. PS are hereditable and linked to recently identified genes. Brain imaging usually is normal, but special studies imaging white matter tracts demonstrate abnormal connectivity. Occipital cortex and connected regions are hyperexcitable in subjects with light-provoked seizures. Mechanisms remain unclear. Video games, social media clips, occasional movies, and natural stimuli can provoke PS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visually sensitive seizures: An updated review by the Epilepsy Foundation

et al. 2022

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“…Although video game sensitivity is usually not distinct from PS, it is note-worthy that 1/3 of the cases do not develop PS during IPS. 39 “Super Mario World” was proved to be more provocative than the standard program (IPS) in the EEG laboratory. 40 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflex epilepsy: triggers and management strategies

Okudan¹,

Özkara²

2018

NDT

132

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Reflex epilepsies (REs) are identified as epileptic seizures that are consistently induced by identifiable and objective-specific triggers, which may be an afferent stimulus or by the patient’s own activity. RE may have different subtypes depending on the stimulus characteristic. There are significant clinical and electrophysiologic differences between different RE types. Visual stimuli-sensitive or photosensitive epilepsies constitute a large proportion of the RE and are mainly related to genetic causes. Reflex epilepsies may present with focal or generalized seizures due to specific triggers, and sometimes seizures may occur spontaneously. The stimuli can be external (light flashes, hot water), internal (emotion, thinking), or both and should be distinguished from triggering precipitants, which most epileptic patients could report such as emotional stress, sleep deprivation, alcohol, and menstrual cycle. Different genetic and acquired factors may play a role in etiology of RE. This review will provide a current overview of the triggering factors and management of reflex seizures.

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“…The cerebral networks and processes, by which this function is mediated, however, are far from being well-described. Habituation in the CNS has been extensively studied utilizing Evoked Potential (EP) methodologies (Cromwell et al, 2008). In particular, the P50 and N100 auditory evoked responses (AERs) have been used to examine habituation using repetition suppression (RS) paradigms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping repetition suppression of the P50 evoked response to the human cerebral cortex

Boutros

Gjini

Eickhoff

et al. 2013

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Objective-The cerebral network subserving repetition suppression (RS) of the P50 auditory evoked response as observed using paired-identical-stimulus (S1-S2) paradigms is not welldescribed Methods-We analyzed S1-S2 data from electrodes placed on the cortices of 64 epilepsy patients. We identified regions with maximal amplitude responses to S1 (i.e., stimulus registration), regions with maximal suppression of responses to S2 relative to S1 (i.e., RS), and regions with no or minimal RS 30-80ms post stimulation.Results-Several temporal, parietal and cingulate area regions were shown to have significant initial registration activity (i.e., strong P50 response to S1). Moreover, prefrontal, cingulate, and parietal lobe regions not previously proposed to be part of the P50 habituation neural circuitry were found to exhibit significant RS.Conclusions-The data suggest that the neural network underlying the initial phases of the RS process may include regions not previously thought to be involved like the parietal and cingulate cortexes. In addition, a significant role for the frontal lobe in mediating this function is supported.Significance-A number of regions of interest are identified through invasive recording that will allow further probing of the RS function using less invasive technology.

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The Photoparoxysmal Response: The Probable Cause of Attacks during Video Games

Cited by 10 publications

References 89 publications

Visually sensitive seizures: An updated review by the Epilepsy Foundation

Visually sensitive seizures: An updated review by the Epilepsy Foundation

Reflex epilepsy: triggers and management strategies

Mapping repetition suppression of the P50 evoked response to the human cerebral cortex

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