A Review of Three-Dimensional Tin Halide Perovskites as Solar Cell Materials

Abstract

Thin film solar cell materials such as 3D metal halide perovskites are cheaper alternatives to silicon. Presently, the conversion efficiency of 3D lead halide perovskites is 25.5% ( 2021), which represents an increase of more than 550% since their discovery in 2009 (3.8%). Despite this remarkable progress, concerns about the toxicity of lead have sparked the quest for possible substitutes, in particular, 3D tin halide perovskites. This review covers the general properties of tin halide perovskites, synthesis and stability. It also identifies possible gaps and application beyond solar cells.

Sn‐Based Perovskite Halides for Electronic Devices

“…The first phase transition upon cooling from room temperature was observed between 225 K and 250 K in cubic Pm3m to tetragonal P4/mbm, and a further phase transition to orthorhombic Pnma structure occurs between 125 and 150 K was confirmed by Schueller et al [54] Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license. [52] Copyright 2022, SciELO Brazil. There are now two distinct layers of SnI 6 octahedra with different rotation angles.…”

“…a–c) Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC‐BY license. [ 52 ] Copyright 2022, SciELO Brazil.…”

“…a) Cubic, b) tetragonal, and c) orthorhombic phase. a-c)Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license [52]. Copyright 2022, SciELO Brazil.…”

Tenability and improvement of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of lead-free CsSnCl3perovskite by incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for optoelectronic applications

“…7,8 In the literature, researchers have achieved an efficiency of 5.7% for CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3− x Br x perovskite solar cells. 9…”

“…7,8 In the literature, researchers have achieved an efficiency of 5.7% for CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3Àx Br x perovskite solar cells. 9 The inorganic perovskites, e.g., cesium tin halide (CsSnX 3 , where X is Cl, Br, or I), show strong PL at room temperature and they are solution-processable at room temperature. 10,11 There are limited studies that have been reported on optoelectronic properties based on tin perovskites.…”