“… McGuigan (2021) also considered the pandemic an opportunity that leads to increasing students’ self-independence, thus increasing their awareness concerning self-development capabilities. This, according to McGuigan (2021) , creates among students a self-learning environment that develops their professional skills ( O’Connell et al, 2022 ). However, some prior literature has argued that this is dependent on the mode of DL delivery [synchronous (chat) or asynchronous (discussion board)] ( Duncan et al, 2012 , McBrien et al, 2009 ).…”