“…When CE is combined with 6R, a closed-loop material flow can be realized, thus relieving inherent challenges in sustainable manufacturing systems (Bradley, Jawahir, Badurdeen & Rouch, 2018). The global Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) production has reached more than 99 million m 3 in 50 countries (Selvatti, Borges, Soares, Souza & Junior, 2018), but only 40 to 60% is used effectively, and the rest becomes waste (Feil, Quevedo & Schreiber, 2015;Hartini, Puspitasari, Aisy & Widharto, 2020). Toxic substances further complicate the furniture industry as finishing materials (Zeng, Lu, Zhou, Chen, Rao, J.…”