Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in post-treatment apical periodontitis

Abstract

Objective:This study evaluated the expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and TGF-β) cytokines in apical periodontitis lesions. Correlations between these cytokines and clinical and cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) data were also assessed.Material and Methods:Apical periodontitis lesions’ data were obtained from 27 patients subjected to periradicular surgery. Specimens were processed for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Sections were evaluated according to the amount of positive staining for each antibody. Expression levels of the target mediators were compared with clinical and CBCT data.Results:Twenty lesions were diagnosed as granuloma and 7 as cyst. In granulomas, IL-4 expression was significantly higher than IL-6 (p=0.001) and TNF-α (p=0.001). There was a significant relationship between high levels of TNF-α and lesions <5 mm (p=0.017). In cysts, IL-6 expression was significant lower than IL-4 (p=0.001) and IFN-γ (p=0.004). There was a significant relationship between high levels of TGF-β and endodontic treatment performed ≤4 years before (p=0.045). In general, IL-4 was the most expressed mediator in both cysts and granulomas.Conclusions:There was a balance between the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with the chronic periradicular inflammatory process. TNF-α and TGF-β were related to some clinical and CBCT data.

Comparison of Biocompatibility of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers and Epoxy Resin-Based Sealer on Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

“…The pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of the two calcium silicate-based sealers were not different from those of the control (cultured in normal culture media), and this result also represented one aspect of their excellent biocompatibility. TGF-β is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and its presence is known to contribute to the healing of apical periodontitis [ 11 ]. All the experimental groups showed lower levels of TGF-β than the level of control in fresh media.…”

“…ELISA was performed to examine the inflammatory response of the materials. hPDLSCs (1 × 10 5 cells) were seeded in a 6-well plate, and after 24 h, the medium was changed to fresh or setting medium and incubated for 24 h. IL-6 and IL-8 were examined as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and TGF-β as an anti-inflammatory cytokine [ 11 ]. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β in the fresh extraction medium were analyzed using an ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and measured using a microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA) at 450 nm.…”

Treatment with Luteolin Improves Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Periodontal Diseases in Rats

“…Furthermore, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines has also been related to periodontal disease. Particularly, many clinical studies [ 33 , 40 , 41 ] have demonstrated the correlation between high TNF-α and IL-6 expressions and periodontal disease, highlighting their involvement and crucial role in the evolution of gingival inflammation. As shown by our results, treatment with Lut 30 mg/kg decreased the expressions of both cytokines.…”

Can Resveratrol Treatment Control the Progression of Induced Periodontal Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies

“…Another possible mechanism is by increasing anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-4 [42], as well as a suppression of both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) [21]. IL-4 suppress the production of IL-17 and IL-1β [42], which play an important role in the periodontitis pathogenesis and inhibit both Th1 pro-inflammatory response and bone resorption [50].…”