Proteomic analysis of halotolerant proteins under high and low salt stress in Dunaliella salina using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis

Abstract

Dunaliella salina, a single-celled marine alga with extreme salt tolerance, is an important model organism for studying fundamental extremophile survival mechanisms and their potential practical applications. In this study, two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to investigate the expression of halotolerant proteins under high (3 M NaCl) and low (0.75 M NaCl) salt concentrations. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and bioinformatics were used to identify and characterize the differences among proteins. 2D-DIGE analysis revealed 141 protein spots that were significantly differentially expressed between the two salinities. Twenty-four differentially expressed protein spots were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, including proteins in the following important categories: molecular chaperones, proteins involved in photosynthesis, proteins involved in respiration and proteins involved in amino acid synthesis. Expression levels of these proteins changed in response to the stress conditions, which suggests that they may be involved in the maintenance of intracellular osmotic pressure, cellular stress responses, physiological changes in metabolism, continuation of photosynthetic activity and other aspects of salt stress. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the function and mechanisms of various proteins in salt stress.

Proteomic Analysis of the Chlorophyta Dunaliella New Strain AL-1 Revealed Global Changes of Metabolism during High Carotenoid Production

“…Photosystem I light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b protein 2 (Spots 2346 and 2391): Protein complexes are major components of the photosynthetic apparatus that absorb light and transfer excitation energy to the photochemical reaction [ 42 ]. Previous observations have also mentioned that the functional Chlorophyll antenna size of photosystem I (PSI) was diminished significantly in response to irradiance stress during cell growth [ 43 ].…”

“…These findings are in agreements with previous results [ 23 ] which explained the functional meaning of increased yield of cytoskeletal proteins under high salt conditions by strengthening the cell cytoskeleton. However, recent results [ 42 ] reported a down-regulation of flagellar proteins under salt stress. This metabolism is not yet well known in microalgae, but we suspect that up-regulation of tubulins in response to these stressful conditions may result in a profound reorganization of these membrane skeleton structures involved in plasma membrane integrity as well as harbouring signalling complexes and ion channels.…”

Identification of Early Salinity Stress-Responsive Proteins in Dunaliella salina by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis

“…Recently, salt stress-induced changes have been reported in the protein profiles of rice roots and leaves [9], Arabidopsis thaliana roots [11], soybean leaves [13,14], hypocotyls and roots [14] and chloroplasts of diploid and tetraploid black locust [15]. Proteome analysis of D. salina subjected to salinity by 2-D gels [16,17] and blue native gels using plasma membrane [3] have shown changes in photosynthesis, protein and ATP biosynthesis, and signal transduction proteins in response to salt stress. Quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics have also been applied to explore palmella formation mechanism in D. salina under salt stress [4], and have identified several proteins and phosphoproteins as potential candidates for augmenting salt tolerance in this organism.…”

Bioengineering of Microalgae: Recent Advances, Perspectives, and Regulatory Challenges for Industrial Application

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