Controle do tabaco no Brasil: avanços e desafios de uma política bem sucedida

Abstract

EDITORIAL EDITORIALThis Supplement of CSP was organized in collaboration with the Center for Studies on Tobacco and Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CETAB/ ENSP/Fiocruz). It has an unprecedented focus, shedding light on and systematically organizing current knowledge on the magnitude of smoking as a public health issue and on best practices, and obstacles to tobacco control policy implementation in Brazil, a country regarded worldwide as a success story.Smoking is one of the leading avoidable causes of early death and health inequality in the world. An estimated 7.2 million persons worldwide, including 156,200 Brazilians, die every year from diseases associated with active and passive smoking, and these deaths are concentrated in the poorest and most vulnerable populations 1 . The (still underestimated) total annual cost of smoking in Brazil, is nearly BRL 57 billion, 39.3 billion of which due to medical care and treatment costs and 17.5 billion due to lost productivity 2 . According to the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, 22 million Brazilian adults (15% of the population aged 18 years or older) were smokers 3 .Tobacco production and consumption have devastating consequences for health, the environment, and the economy, but a long and victorious negotiation process headed by the World Health Organization (WHO) led to one of the most solid strategies and instruments for equitable health protection: the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC), the first and only global public health treaty to this day. Approved in 2003 by the 56th World Health Assembly, the WHO-FCTC came into effect in February 2005 following ratification by 40 countries, including Brazil.Consisting of 38 articles and a series of effective measures backed by current scientific evidence for curtailing the consumption of tobacco products and its consequences, the WHO-FCTC serves as the framework and pillar for the success of smoking control policies. Due to the treaty's huge importance, four articles in this Supplement analyze the WHO-FCTC's relevance for tobacco control policy in Brazil, highlighting the government's leading role in the treaty's negotiations, the obstacles faced by ratification, and the role and conflicts of the institutions involved in the policy's implementation. The authors discuss the fact that Brazil is a leading producer and exporter of tobacco leaves and analyze how tobacco farmers are used by the tobacco industry to manipulate the opinions of politicians

Factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en estudiantes universitarios de Lima metropolitana

“…Según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, en el 2013, un 15% (22 millones de individuos) de la población brasileña con 18 años o más, era fumador. Más aún, se ha observado que en el contexto brasileño, el hábito de fumar se adquiere frecuentemente durante adolescencia (6) .…”

Uso de substâncias psicoativas entre discentes de medicina da Universidade Federal do Amapá em 2018

“…Em 2018, o valor percentual de fumantes que possuíam 18 ou mais anos de idade era de 9,3% no total no país. No setor de saúde, o Brasil gasta quase 40 bilhões de reais por ano com doenças derivadas do uso do tabaco (FIGUEIREDO et al, 2017;BRASIL, 2019). O elevado consumo de analgésicos no Brasil encontra-se fortemente vinculado ao índice altíssimo de prevalência de dor crônica (DC) (cerca de 41% da população possui essa modalidade de dor).…”

Abordagem aos usuários tabagistas no contexto da atenção primária à saúde: perspectiva de enfermeiros

“…Medidas de controle do tabaco, incluindo o aumento de preços, legislação em favor de ambientes livres de fumaça, restrições sobre publicidade, advertências nas embalagens, campanhas antitabaco na mídia e programas de tratamento para cessação, vêm sendo adotadas gradativamente em todos os países (Figueiredo, Turci, Camacho, 2017).…”

“…Além disso, a Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas, à qual o governo brasileiro aderiu em 2015, soma-se à CQCT-OMS no fortalecimento de ações integradas, visando à redução das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e à implementação da CQCT-OMS (Figueiredo, Turci, Camacho, 2017).…”

“…A CQCT-OMS é referência na luta contra a epidemia de tabaco em todo o mundo, sendo considerada até o momento como o primeiro e único tratado de saúde pública do mundo voltado para a prevenção e controle do tabagismo. É composta de estratégias e instrumentos sólidos de proteção à saúde da população com equidade (Figueiredo, Turci, Camacho, 2017).…”