Biennial bearing in apple cultivars

Fioravanço, J. C.; Czermainski, A. B. C.

doi:10.1590/0034-737x201865020005

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The thinning caused by BA + GA applications during the flowering and postbloom periods may have reduced apple productivity. NAA can increase fruit set in several species when applied at full bloom [18,19], ensuring good productivity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing on Fruit Set and Yield of ‘Monalisa’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ Apple Trees Using Plant Growth Regulators

Petri

Sezerino

Fenili

et al. 2020

JEAI

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Aims: To evaluate the effect of different plant growth regulators on fruit set and yield of apple trees in mild winter conditions. Study Design: The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design. Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were carried out in southern Brazil, municipality of Caçador/SC, during the cycle 2016/2017 to 2019/2020 in the 'Monalisa'/M9 and another experiment with cultivars Maxi Gala/M9 and Monalisa/M9, in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. Methodology: The following products were tested: TDZ (Thidiazuron) Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Maxcel®, Ethrel®, Promalin®, Ammonium thiosulfate, and the combination TDZ + Viviful® + Retain®. The following evaluations were carried out: fruit set, fruit yield per plant and per hectare; number of fruits per plant, average fruit mass, the red skin color of fruits, degree of russeting and classification of fruits by size. Results: In 'Monalisa' apple trees, TDZ alone and combined with PCa + AVG increases the fruit set, when applied in full bloom, while TDZ alone and NAA applied in full bloom increases the productivity. TDZ alone reduces return bloom and induces greater alternate bearing while, combined with PCa + AVG does not cause bearing alternation; however, it reduces the average fruit mass. BA + GA reduces the productivity of 'Monalisa' apple trees. The fruit set increased significantly with AVG treatments 52 ppm, 104 ppm, and 156 ppm, while the yield per plant, number of fruits per plant and estimated productivity, all treatments were significantly superior to the control treatment with the exception of AVG 52 ppm, on the Cv. Monalisa. The control treatment and AVG, 104 ppm and 156 ppm presented fruits with larger caliber and only AVG 26 ppm showed a lower percentage of fruits in the class of higher coloration, in comparison to the other treatments. The russeting incidence did not present significant differences in the cultivar Monalisa and Maxi Gala. None of the variables were significantly altered by the application of Retain® in the Cv. Maxi Gala.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing on Fruit Set and Yield of ‘Monalisa’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ Apple Trees Using Plant Growth Regulators

Petri

Sezerino

Fenili

et al. 2020

JEAI

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“…Naa or ethephon treatments in the 'on' year of a biennial bearing cycle can promote return bloom of apple spurs. However, the positive effect on return bloom may be minimal in cultivars that have a strong natural tendency toward biennial bearing, or when bloom or initial fruit set are heavy in the treatment year [12,4]. This suggests that early reductions in crop load are a requisite prior to seed development and that high activity of gas inhibit flower initiation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The apple tree (Malus domestica) in favorable conditions for pollination, some cultivars are prone to high productivity and consequently biennial bearing [3,4]. There are several cultural practices for controlling biennial bearing, such as renewal pruning, growth control, and thinning of flowers and fruits [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Growth Regulators in Flowering Alternation of the Fuji Suprema Apple Tree

Petri¹,

Sezerino²,

Fenili

2020

JEAI

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Aims: Research on alternate bearing in apple trees is usually focused on chemical thinning techniques, but in recent decades synthetic bioregulators have proven to be effective in promoting or inhibiting floral induction in apple trees. However, the results can be variable since some cultivars are prone to alternation, as Fuji and its clones. The objective of the present study was to observe the effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Ethephon, and their combinations in the formation of flowering buds avoiding flowering alternation, in Cv, Fuji Suprema. Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were carried out in southern Brazil, municipality of Caçador / SC, during the cycles from 2014 to 2019, in the cultivar Fuji Suprema / Marubakaido / M9, with 12 years old. Methodology: Several variables were evaluated such as flowering return, fruit set, yield, number of fruits per plant, average fresh fruit mass, and biennial bearing index (BBI). Results: The results were variable and showed that NAA and Ethephon had little effect on reducing flowering alternation when applied during the vegetative phase of the Fuji Suprema apple tree. After years of high productivity, there was a decrease in the yield, even in the treatments of NAA and Ethephon. Ethephon or its combination with NAA has a thinning effect, but without influence on the return of flowering.

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“…Fertigation and drip irrigation can substantially change the distribution of exchangeable K in different soil layers [111,112], especially to cover the peak K demand during fruit swelling and ripening [22,36]. Improper nutrient supply can induce or exacerbate alternate bearing typical of apple fruit crop [113][114][115][116][117]. Currently, the most common method for the control of alternate bearing is thinning of flowers and small fruits [116][117][118][119].…”

Section: Approaches To Automated Precision Adjustment Of K Application Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Role of Potassium in Apple and Its Implications for Management of Orchard Fertilization

Кузин

Solovchenko

2021

Plants

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K (K) is of paramount importance for apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), not only for tree growth and development but also for the size and quality of fruit yield. The apple plant’s demand for K varies, along with the progression of phenological phases, during the growing season. The K demand peaks during ripening of fruits featuring relatively high concentration of K comparable to that of the leaves. The mainstream method of apple tree K fertilization is through application of the fertilizer to the soils to improve K uptake by the roots. The bioavailability of K depends on assorted various factors, including pH, interaction with other nutrients in soil solution, temperature, and humidity. An important role in making the K from soil available for uptake by plants is played by plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), and the specific role of the PGPM is discussed. Advantages of fertigation (the combination of irrigation and fertilization) as an approach include allowing to balance application rate of K fertilizer against its variable demand by plants during the growing season. Excess K in the soil leads to competitive inhibition of calcium uptake by plants. The K-dependent deficiency of Ca leads to its predominant channeling to the leaves and hence to its decline in fruits. Consequently, the apple fruits affected by the K/Ca imbalance frequently develop physiological disorders in storage. This emphasizes the importance of the balanced K application, especially during the last months of the growing season, depending on the crop load and the actual K demand. The potential use of modern approaches to automated crop load estimation through machine vision for adjustment of K fertilization is underlined.

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Biennial bearing in apple cultivars

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Increasing on Fruit Set and Yield of ‘Monalisa’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ Apple Trees Using Plant Growth Regulators

Increasing on Fruit Set and Yield of ‘Monalisa’ and ‘Maxi Gala’ Apple Trees Using Plant Growth Regulators

Plant Growth Regulators in Flowering Alternation of the Fuji Suprema Apple Tree

Essential Role of Potassium in Apple and Its Implications for Management of Orchard Fertilization

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