Assessment of Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Safranal on CCI4-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of safranal on damage induced by CCl 4. Experimental animals were divided into five groups. The first group was determined as the control group and no treatment was conducted. Second group rats were administered 1 mL/kg-day CCI 4 during the experiment. Rats in Groups 3, 4 and 5 were administered 1 mL/kg-day CCI 4 and 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg; 100 mg/kg safranal, respectively via gavage. Oxidative-antioxidant parameters, liver function enzymes and inflammatory cytokine levels were determined in liver samples obtained from the rats. Data analysis demonstrated that oxidative stress and inflammation markers were significantly higher in CCI 4 administered groups (p<0.05). Antioxidant parameters in high-dose safranal administered groups were not different when compared to the control group. Safranal had ameliorating effects on the increased liver function enzymes activities in CCI 4 administered groups. In conclusion, it was observed that CCI 4 administration led to hepatic damage and increased oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine levels. It was observed that particularly high-dose administration of safranal promoted the antioxidant system. Safranal administration was not effective on IL-1β levels. However, high-dose (100 mg/kg) safranal was found to be inflammatory against TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines. In conclusion, it can be said that safranal has an anti-inflammatory potential and has a strong antioxidative effect.

Safranal Effect against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver Injury

“…It was reported that safranal stabilized biomembranes in biological systems and reduced unsaturated membrane lipids and reactive oxygen species, effect of safranal on enhanced serum enzymes prevent infiltration of intracellular enzymes. (13) This is consistent with the commonly accepted view that, with the recovery of the hepatic parenchyma and hepatocyte regeneration, serum transaminase levels return to normal. (23) CP therapy lowers the amount of nuclear Nrf2 as well as NQO-1 and HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) expression.…”

“…(29) Safranal has been reported to modulate the expression of antioxidant genes and regulate mitochondrial antioxidant genes, providing a lower radical potential for mitochondrial oxygen. (13) The increase in the cellular GSH content of, which may increase the GSH/GSSG ratio and decrease lipid peroxidation due to the effects of safranal. (30) The CP oxidative product responsible for the induction of LPO and the ROS under inflammation which will attack normal tissue and disrupt redox cycle, raising LPO (31) and significantly enhance the degree of lipid peroxidation in experimental animal livers with MDA as the most popular breakdown product.…”

“…Inflammatory and immune system disease could be effectively affected by safranal, modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, stress oxidative and immune factors. (13,14) further, safranal lowered inflammation and decreased TNF-α level, possibly due to its high antioxidant and anti-apoptotic capacity (15,16) .…”

Estimation the protective role of Andrographis paniculata aqueous extracts on nephrotoxicity in male rabbits treated with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

“…The kidney is an organ that is highly susceptible to damages that are caused by ROS may be because of the availability of long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids in formation of renal lipids (Ozbek, 2012), and tissue damage in the kidney may be due to the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines like the TNF-α. Inflammation-stimulating cytokines may cause nephropathy through secretion from renal glomerular membrane (Alayunt et al, 2019).…”

Antioxidant activity and protective effect of propolis against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver and kidney injury by modulation of oxidative parameters

“…CCl 4 was injected intraperitoneally on day 5 after starting propolis or distal water treatment. Other studies used similar doses of propolis and CCl 4 [26][27][28].…”