Direct analysis of vicariance in Neotropical mayflies (Ephemeroptera)

Abstract

The distribution of aquatic insects has been poorly explored in quantitative analyses aiming at the historical reconstruction of area relationships in the Neotropics. ephemeroptera is an ancient group, characterized by its low vagility, and of high richness and endemicity in this region. Systematic knowledge of the group has enormously increased in the last decades, achieving a sufficient background to explore biogeographical historical patterns. Our aim is to reconstruct area history in the Neotropics using the rationale of Barrier biogeography (Hovenkamp protocol). We present eleven mayfly phylogenies, representing groups that evolved independently at least from the Jurassic (i.e., not a one-taxon history). With these groups, we conducted independent biogeographical analyses (using Vicariance Inference Program), and extracted the events that repeated in two or more clades. We found fifty-eight TVEs (Traceable Vicariant events), from which four were found at least twice, thus constituting SVes (Supported Vicariant events).

The genus Camelobaetidius Demoulin (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in America: Phylogenic and biogeographic analyses

“…The authors sustained that "without a molecular dating of these nodes they can only speculate possible explanations related to Pleistocene refugia". Later, Molineri et al (2019) recovered for this region several traceable vicariance events (TVEs, Hovenkamp 1997) for species of Campsurus, Homothraulus, Callibaetis and Caenis. They reinforced the idea of Amorin and Pires (1996) as this region such as an area of endemism, and a transitional zone between tropical and temperate climates.…”

New insights into the phylogeny of Tortopus Needham and Murphy and Tortopsis Molineri (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae) with description of three new species

“…Subimagos emerge directly on the surface of the water and have only an aerial stage as short as two hours, to molt to imago and reproduce (McCafferty and Bloodgood 1989;Molineri 2008). Both genera are known from North, Central and South America, but most species are from the Amazon basin (Molineri et al 2012(Molineri et al , 2019, and a South American origin has been hypothesized for these groups (McCafferty 1998;Molineri et al 2019).…”