Despite the fact that the state is one of the smallest in Brazil, representing only 0.53% of the country area, a surprising diversity was found. Seventy-six species, 41 genera and nine families were identified, which represents about 25% of the species reported from Brazil, 65% of the genera, and almost all families. Of these, 17 species (most of Baetidae and Leptophlebiidae) are new to science. Five species, collected only at the nymphal stage, could not be identified to the species level. The present work demonstrates that, as for other organisms, the diversity of mayflies is high in the state, and more works aiming to investigate the aquatic insect composition of the Espírito Santo State should be encouraged.

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-In the present work, based on material from several localities in Brazil, we present a contribution to the taxonomy of the Terpides lineage, a monophyletic group of Neotropical mayflies that encompasses three genera: Terpides, Tikuna, and Fittkaulus. A new species of Terpides is described from the States of Espı´rito Santo and Mato Grosso, based on nymphs, male and female imagos. The male imago of the type species of Terpides, T. guyanensis, the nymph and male imago of Tikuna bilineata, and the nymph of Fittkaulus cururuensis are described for the first time.

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New records and notes on the distribution of the family Baetidae are presented. The following genera are reported for this region: Americabaetis, Apobaetis, Aturbina, Baetodes, Callibaetis, Camelobaetidius, Cloeodes, Cryptonympha, Guajirolus, Paracloeodes, Rivudiva, Spiritiops, Waltzoyphius and Zelusia. With the results of the present study, the Northeast Region of Brazil ceases to be one of Brazil’s five geographic regions with the least-known Baetidae fauna to become the region with the second highest number of known species in the family, increasing the number from 15 to 36 species.

A new taxon of Hermanellonota or subtribe Hermanellina (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) was found from Northern Brazil, in the limits of Pacaraima in Brazil and Santa Helena de Uairén in Venezuela. While nymphs of this taxon are similar to those of the genus Farrodes, the adults could not be assigned to any of the genera included in the group. In order to clarify the systematic relationship of this taxon and to provide a reliable hypothesis concerning its generic placement, we analyzed it using an available matrix from the literature and performed a new cladistic analysis. As a result we describe Rondophlebia rubra gen. nov. et sp. nov. sister to the Perissophlebiodes complex + Hermanella complex. Our analyses also shed new insights on the systematics of Hermanellonota.

A new species of Macrelmis Motschulsky, 1859 (Macrelmis rodrigoi sp. nov.) is described and illustrated based on specimens found in mountainous areas of the northern Roraima State, Brazil. Pagelmis amazonica Spangler, 1981, Potamophilops bostrychophallus Maier, 2013 and Stegoelmis geayi Spangler, 1990 are recorded in Brazil for the first time and new records for Gyrelmis obesa Hinton, 1940, Macrelmis thorpei Hinton, 1945 and Neolimnius palpalis Hinton, 1939 are presented.

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