Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview

Abstract

Objective Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. Methods This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. Results A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. Conclusion Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.

Lesbian shared IVF: the ROPA method: a systematic review

“…However, with ROPA, the recipient is carrying her own child and will not give up her maternity rights. 30 Nor can it be said that it presents an increased risk associated with pregnancy because whatever treatment route patients choose, one of them will ultimately have to become pregnant and assume these risks anyway. Moreover, the ROPA method allows the couple to choose the patient with the best reproductive prognosis, both at the ovarian and uterine level, which, ultimately, can lead to a reduction in obstetric risks.…”

Transmission of Human Life with a Gestational Carrier

“…The surrogate mother's empathy indexes are similar to normative samples, sometimes higher [68]. The regulation of the gestational carrier option in the transmission of human life is an important alternative to its prohibition [4,13]. Among the forms of parenthood that have followed one another in remote and recent history, the most current seems to us to be that of a formal act of "assumption of unlimited responsibility to love whomever one intends to have as a child"., often, this assumption of responsibility is historically disregarded by those who are genetic fathers as well as by those who are not.…”

“…The use of commercial gestational carrier arrangements, where a woman carries a child for intended parents in exchange for financial compensation, presents a complex ethical landscape. This article aims to delve into the ethical aspects surrounding commercial gestational carrier arrangements, considering various perspectives and key considerations in this multifaceted debate [3,13,26,[31][32][33][38][39][40][41][42].…”

“…The data are including the countries where the procedure is regulated and that in which is not regulated but tolerated [12]. Commercial use for both infertile women and/or homosexual males is not universally regulated by law [13]. Unfortunately, both altruistic and commercial procedures should be Studied were analyzed not only based on monetary compensation [14].…”

Altruistic help or taking advantage of the situation? Social representations of surrogate motherhood

“…However, this does not mean that altruistic surrogacy is generally viewed positively and commercial surrogacy negatively. According to Brandão and Garrido (2022), there is a very fine line between labelling a surrogacy case as altruistic or commercial, since even in altruistic arrangements can be financial compensation. Financial compensation should not be used to distinguish between good surrogacy arrangements and bad ones (Millbank, 2015).…”