Extranasopharyngeal Angiofibroma Originating in the Inferior Turbinate: A Distinct Clinical Entity at an Unusual Site

Abstract

Introduction The extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma is histologically similar to juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, differing from the latter in clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. Objectives We present a case of extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma originating in the inferior turbinate. Resumed Report The patient was a girl, 8 years and 6 months of age, who had constant bilateral nasal obstruction and recurrent epistaxis for 6 months, worse on the right side, with hyposmia and snoring. Nasal endoscopy showed a reddish lesion, smooth, friable, and nonulcerated. Computed tomography showed a lesion with soft tissue density in the right nasal cavity. We used an endoscopic approach and found the lesion inserted in the right inferior turbinate. We did a subperiosteal dissection and excision with a partial turbinectomy with a resection margin of 0.5 cm. Histopathology reported it to be an extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Conclusion Although rare, extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma should be considered in the diagnosis of vascular tumors of the head and neck.

Elevated Glucose and Interleukin-1β Differentially Affect Retinal Microglial Cell Proliferation

“…Since hyperglycemia is considered the main risk factor for diabetic retinopathy [ 27 , 28 ] and the levels of IL-1 β are increased in the retinas of diabetic rats [ 14 – 17 ], we evaluated the effect of elevated glucose on IL-1 β expression in retinal neural cultures in order to evaluate if high glucose per se is capable of upregulating IL-1 β expression.…”

“…Primary rat retinal neural cell cultures were obtained from the retinas of 3–5-day-old Wistar rats, as previously described [ 26 , 27 ]. After 2 days in culture, cells were incubated with 25 mM D-glucose (final concentration 30 mM) or 25 mM D-mannitol (plus 5 mM glucose already present in cell culture media), which was used as an osmotic control, and maintained for further 7 days in culture.…”

“…Western blotting analysis of cellular lysates of retinal neural cell cultures was performed as previously described [ 27 ] with minor changes. Equal amounts of protein were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), using 8%–12% gels.…”

“…Immunocytohemistry was performed as previously described [ 27 ]. The primary antibodies used are listed in Table 1 .…”

Case Series of Pre-Operative Endovascular Embolization of Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma Using Polyvinyl Alcohol Foam Particle: A Single Centre Experience

“…NA generally occurs in the second decade of life between 7-19 years old and rarely occurs at the age of more than 25 years. Randowski et al, classified Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma into three stages, based on the expansion of the tumour (Table 1) [2], [3], [4].…”