1-Hydroxy-5,11-dideoxytetrodotoxin, the first N-hydroxy and ring-deoxy derivative of tetrodotoxin found in the newt Taricha granulosa

Bacterial diversity and tetrodotoxin analysis in the viscera of the gastropods from Portuguese coast

“…The structure of TTX contains a guanidium moiety attached to the oxygenated carbon backbone. A number of TTX biosynthetic pathways have been proposed (Kotaki and Shimizu, 1993;Shimizu and Kobayashi, 1983;Yasumoto et al, 1988). Chau et al (Chau et al, 2011) presumed that incorporation of a guanidinium moiety in TTX can be through amidinotransferase (AMT) or non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) module incorporating arginine.…”

Production level of tetrodotoxin in Aeromonas is associated with the copy number of a plasmid

“…However, the TTX biosynthetic pathway has yet to be elucidated. A number of TTX biosynthesis pathway proposals have been documented (Woodward and Gougoutas, 1964;Yasumoto et al, 1988;Kotaki et al, 1993;Chau et al, 2011). It was speculated that TTX is assembled by a hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzyme complex which possibly incorporates an amidinotransferase (AMT) (Chau et al, 2011), however, no supporting or experimental evidence has been published for the biosynthesis of TTX.…”

Puffer fish and its consumption: To eat or not to eat?

“…Isolation of deoxy-TTX pathway precursors and intermediates (53,55,56) suggests that TTX biosynthesis may consist of multiple oxidation steps, which thus supports the oxidation of alkyl precursors rather than the incorporation of a sugar-derived moiety. Yet according to Kellmann et al., (57) if arginine is indeed a substrate for TTX biosynthesis, an amidinotransferase enzyme may be implicated, similarly to that involved in saxitoxin biosynthesis.…”

“…It is assumed that arginine is the precursor moiety for TTX production within the organism ( Figure 3) (53,55) . A likely biosynthetic route to TTX incorporates arginine and either a C5 branched sugar or an alkyl precursor (54) .…”