Production level of tetrodotoxin in Aeromonas is associated with the copy number of a plasmid

Liu, Jing; Fang, Wei; Lu, Ying; Ma, Tinglong; Zhao, Jing; Gong, Xiaoling; Bao, Baolong

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.009

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Obtained interesting results on strain Aeromonas sp. Ne-1: TTX concentration in a culture medium correlated with the number of copies of the pNe-1 plasmid carried by the bacterial cells [87]. …”

Section: Ttx-producing Bacteria As a Promising Source Of The Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems

Magarlamov

Melnikova

Chernyshev

2017

Toxins

119

105

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This review is devoted to the marine bacterial producers of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent non-protein neuroparalytic toxin. In addition to the issues of the ecology and distribution of TTX-producing bacteria, this review examines issues relating to toxin migration from bacteria to TTX-bearing animals. It is shown that the mechanism of TTX extraction from toxin-producing bacteria to the environment occur through cell death, passive/active toxin excretion, or spore germination of spore-forming bacteria. Data on TTX microdistribution in toxic organs of TTX-bearing animals indicate toxin migration from the digestive system to target organs through the transport system of the organism. The role of symbiotic microflora in animal toxicity is also discussed: despite low toxin production by bacterial strains in laboratory conditions, even minimal amounts of TTX produced by intestinal microflora of an animal can contribute to its toxicity. Special attention is paid to methods of TTX detection applicable to bacteria. Due to the complexity of toxin detection in TTX-producing bacteria, it is necessary to use several methods based on different methodological approaches. Issues crucial for further progress in detecting natural sources of TTX investigation are also considered.

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Section: Ttx-producing Bacteria As a Promising Source Of The Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial attempts to decode the genetic basis of TTX biosynthesis in bacterial producers have been undertaken recently. Liu et al [87] have shown a positive correlation between copies of pNE-1 plasmid and TTX concentration in the strain Aeromonas sp. Ne-1.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems

Magarlamov

Melnikova

Chernyshev

2017

Toxins

119

105

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“…This ambiguity and irreproducibility has motivated efforts to pursue the isolation of tetrodotoxin‐producing bacteria from the skin and tissues of host organisms . While microorganisms from producing organisms have been successfully cultured on many occasions, the common result has been inconsistent production of 1 or related metabolites in isolated culture . Most notably, studies by Noguchi have unequivocally demonstrated bacterial origins for tetrodotoxin production in the intestines pufferfish and xanthid crab by isolating gut microbes in pure culture and assessing them for production of 1 .…”

Section: Receptor Site Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, one study in Aeromonas sp. suggested the involvement of a plasmid in the production of 1 , which could account for the inconsistencies observed in tetrodotoxin‐containing organisms held in captivity and the distribution of the toxin among various species, as bacterial plasmids are easily transferrable …”

Section: Receptor Site Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…suggested the involvement of ap lasmid in the productiono f 1,w hich could account for the inconsistencies observed in tetrodotoxin-containing organismsh eld in captivity and the distribution of the toxin among variouss pecies, as bacterial plasmids are easily transferrable. [49] Several biosynthetic hypotheses for the assembly of 1 have been proposed.S himizu and co-workersi nitially proposed two potentialb uildingb locks to combine with arginine, an apiosetype C 5 sugar or isopentenyl pyrophosphate ( Figure 5A). [52] In evaluating this biosynthetic hypothesis, Yotsu-Yamashita and co-workersp roposed that aC 10 monoterpene starter unit, geranyl guanidine (20)m ight be ab iosynthetic precursor to the intermediate isolated from newts, 4,9-anhydro-10-hemiketal-5deoxytetrodotoxin (21).…”

Section: Tetrodotoxin and Chiriquitoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channel Ligands: Biosynthesis and Biology

Lukowski

Narayan

2019

ChemBioChem

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Natural product biosynthetic pathways are composed of enzymes that use powerful chemistry to assemble complex molecules. Small molecule neurotoxins are examples of natural products with intricate scaffolds which often have high affinities for their biological targets. The focus of this Minireview is small molecule neurotoxins targeting voltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and the state of knowledge on their associated biosynthetic pathways. There are three small molecule neurotoxin receptor sites on VGSCs associated with three different classes of molecules: guanidinium toxins, alkaloid toxins, and ladder polyethers. Each of these types of toxins have unique structural features which are assembled by biosynthetic enzymes and the extent of information known about these enzymes varies among each class. The biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of these toxins have the potential to become useful tools in the efficient synthesis of VGSC probes.

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